Possible gaps in dealing with the critical information infrastructure The mechanisms analysed appear to indicate the existence of a knowledge gap in this issue due to insufficient research and lack of awareness of the CII’s importance in many countries, starting from the strategic level in the governments. Some submissions to the WGEC/correspondence group also indicated lack of policy mechanisms for addressing CII issues at regional and international levels. 3.4 Cyberconflict Cyberconflict, often labelled cyberwar, covers three main fields: the conduct of cyberconflict, weapons and disarmament, and the humanitarian aspects of cyberconflict. Status of governance mechanisms for cyberconflict With regard to the conduct of cyberconflict, the main question is how to apply the law of war (e.g. The Hague Conventions) to cyberspace. For weapons and disarmament, the main governance mechanisms are likely to emerge through adjusting existing disarmament mechanisms. Lastly, humanitarian law rules are related to the applicability of the Geneva conventions to cyberconflict. Several international initiatives are mapping the field of cyberconflict. UNIDIR has provided a classification of cyberconflict, warfare, and weapons. The Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare provides – so far – the most comprehensive analysis of the interplay between existing international legal instruments and various aspects of cyberconflict. Possible gaps in dealing with cyberconflict The analysis of existing mechanisms indicates a knowledge gap related to insufficient data and research on the nature of cyberconflicts and their impact on international Internet public policy issues. On the policy level, there is a lack of common and widely accepted definitions of the key concepts in the field of cyberconflicts. 3.5 Child safety online Most of the issues related to Internet safety are primarily concerned with youth, especially minors. These issues include cyber-bullying, abuse, and sexual exploitation. Close cooperation among key actors – parents, educators, and the community – is essential for developing initiatives to safeguard children in computer-mediated environments. Status of governance mechanisms for child safety online At national level, in many countries there is a policy focus on child safety with many regulatory, training, and awareness-building initiatives. Child safety online is addressed in 21