According to international law, the right of self-defence may also apply to cyberattacks reaching the threshold of an armed attack inflicted by non-state actors. The right of collective self-defence applies to cyberspace as well. This is supported by a declaration adopted by the representatives of states attending the meeting of the North Atlantic Council during the summit of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in Wales in 2014. The declaration stipulates among others that acyberattack can reach a threshold that threatens national and EuroAtlantic prosperity, security, and stability. Its impact could be as harmful to modern societies as a conventional attack. It was, therefore, affirmed that cyber defence is part of NATO‘s core task of collective defence.’ 6. A state is responsible for actions in cyberspace that violate international law Norms of customary international law concerning the assignment of responsibility to a state are reflected to a large extent in the articles covering the states’ responsibility for internationally wrongful acts as adopted in 2001 by the International Law Commission*® (hereinafter referred to as “Articles on the Responsibility of States”). The document reiterates that “Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.” (Article 1). A state is responsible for conduct consisting of both an action or omission that is attributable to the state under international law and constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the state (Article 2). Articles 4— 11 describe the rules governing the attribution of responsibility to a state. According to these rules, the State is responsible among others for the conduct of its organs, persons or entities which, even though they are not organs, are empowered by law to exercise governmental authority, as well as persons or groups of persons acting on the instructions of, or under the direction or control of that state. The above norms also apply to conduct of states in cyberspace. The state may therefore be responsible for internationally wrongful acts of, for instance of hacker groups or individual hackers, if the conditions expressed in the Articles on the Responsibility of States are satisfied. At the same time, it should be remembered that the specific nature of cyberspace severely hampers the attribution of internationally wrongful acts to states or other actors. 7. International human rights law applies to cyberspace High anonymity, control of data flow, and a largely non-territorial nature of cyberspace pose a challenge for protecting human rights online. Nonetheless, international human rights law applies to conduct in cyberspace. Rights that people have offline must also be protected online.’’” States have an obligation not to violate human rights and to protect such rights when they are violated by non-state actors or other states. The above-mentioned examples of 15 Declaration of the NATO Summit in Wales, 2014, paragraph 72. 16 The text annexed to UN General Assembly Resolution No. 56/83 of 12 December 2001. 17 UN Human Rights Council Internet” of 29 June 2012. Resolution “The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the