coordinating of traffic controls and emergency services. Software is used to assure communications, delivery of goods and monitoring of financial markets and delivery of its products. As the WannaCry cyberattacks demonstrate (see section 1 C, box 1.2, above), much of modern society has come to rely on ICT and systems’ networking, making lives easier, while also making the elements of the infrastructure targets for attack. Regardless of whether technology is understood as a facilitator or as a target in cybercrime, it bears noting that physical technology stores both the fruits and the evidence of cyber-committed crimes.18 The nature of that evidence, as well as concerns such as the handling of e-evidence, is discussed in greater depth further on (see section 2 D, below). It also bears noting that there is a great range and variance in the uses of technology in cybercrime. Certain cybercrimes require more technological savoir-faire or more powerful digital technologies in order to be carried out.19 For instance, “point-and-click” crimes, such as downloading child pornography or engaging in cyberstalking require relatively minimal technological support. By contrast, phishing, identity theft and “denial-of-service” (DoS) or “distributed denial-of-service” (DDoS) attacks presuppose a much deeper and better understanding of digital and electronic technologies (see section 2 B, box 2.1, below). Deviant acts requiring greater technological knowhow also tend to be more deeply embedded in the virtual world. 2. New Threats & Opportunities: “To Infinity and Beyond”20 Technological developments have led at once to new opportunities as well as to new threats and complexities. Although it is impossible to know what the future holds, it is important to consider what certain developments might mean. The start of that transformation is already being seen in the so-called “internet of things” (IoT), which, perhaps best defined as “the infrastructure of the information society”,21 is already revolutionized society and ways of life by (increasingly) optimizing device functionality and connectivity, creating new revenue opportunities and lowering operational costs through the inter-connection of all manner of smart devices.22 These devices—including, for instance, household machines, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and the global positioning systems (GPS) of automobiles—are typically less secure than computers,23 and yet, collectively, these devices result in an unprecedented sharing of vast volumes of sensitive data, therein raising serious security and privacy concerns.24 Technological developments will continue to transform the meaning of the internet and of interconnectivity. The “internet of everything” (IoE), a step beyond the IoT, is set to dramatically expand the present understanding of what makes the “infrastructure” of the information society. With the addition of the “smart” moniker to (potentially) everything, networking will involve not only devices but also the data on them,25 and will also extend to directly connecting humans, both at the individual and collective level.26 Anticipated advances—such as quantum computing,27 biocomputing,28 machine learning (or “pattern recognition”),29 AI and autonomous systems— will both enhance and challenge today’s norms—for instance, by rendering existing encryption Page 68 | Chapter 2 | § A. Working Definition of Cybercrime Table of Contents