53. Soumyo D. Moitra, “Cybercrime: Towards an Assessment of its Nature and Impact, International Journal of Comparative & Applied Criminal Justice,” Vol. 28, Issue 2 (2004), pp. 105–20. 54. Weigend, supra note 26, at 56. 55. Viano, supra note 39, at 341. 56. David S. Walls, “Cybercrime, Media and Insecurity: The Shaping of Public Perceptions of Cybercrime,” International Review of Law, Computers and Technology, Special Issue: Crime and Criminal Justice, Vol. 22 (2008), pp. 45–63. 57. Leyla Bilge, Thorsten Strufe, Davide Balzaroti & Engin Kirda, “All Your Contacts Belong to Us: Automated Identity Theft Attacks on Social Networks,” SBA Research, at http://www. cs.umd.edu/class/spring2017/cmsc396H/ downloads/all-your-contacts.pdf. 58. Marco Gercke, “Internet-Related Identity Theft,”CoE Discussion Paper, (22 Nov. 2007), p. 4, at https://rm.coe. int/16802fa3a0. 59. Weigend, supra note 26, at 57. 60. Iain Moir & George R. S. Weir, “Identity Theft: A Study in Contact Centres,” in: Hamid Jahankhani, Kenneth Revett & Dominic Palmer-Brown (eds.), Global E-Security: Communications in Computer and Information Science, Vol. 12 (Berlin: Springer, 2008), at http://www.cis.strath. ac.uk/cis/research/publications/papers/ strath_cis_publication_2243.pdf. 61. A full list of identity fraud state regulations can be found at http://www.ncsl.org/ issues-research/banking/identity-theftstate-statutes.aspx. 62. Walter A. Effross, “High-Tech Heroes, Virtual Villains, and Jacked-In Justice: Visions of Law and Lawyers in Cyberpunk Science Fiction,” Buffalo Law Review, Vol. 46 (1997), p. 931. 63. For example, Venmo does not charge transaction fees for transferring funds between debit card or checking account, “Fees & Venmo,” Venmo, at https://help. venmo.com/hc/en-us/articles/224361007Fees-Venmo. 64. Moreover, the gap between technology and regulation is significant in FinTech. It will be important for regulators, while attempting to bridge this gap, to carefully support market development, while ensuring consumer security. John Villasenor, “Ensuring Cybersecurity in Fintech: Key Trends and Solutions,” Forbes, (25 Aug. 2016), at http://www.forbes.com/sites/ johnvillasenor/2016/08/25/ensuringcybersecurity-in-fintech-key-trends-andsolutions/#13edc74be1fa. 65. For an overview of data partitioning, see Microsoft Website, at https:// docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/bestpractices-data-partitioning. 66. Jamie Smith, “There Is More to Blockchain than Moving Money. It Has the Potential to Transform Our Lives— Here’s How,” World Economic Forum, (9 Nov. 2016), at https://www.weforum. org/agenda/2016/11/there-is-more-toblockchain-than-moving-money. 67. See, e.g., Kariappa Bheemaiah, “Block Chain 2.0: The Renaissance of Money,” Wired, (Jan. 2015), at https://www.wired. com/insights/2015/01/block-chain-2-0/. 68. “How Blockchains Could Change the World,” McKinsey & Company, (May 2016), at http://www.mckinsey.com/ industries/high-tech/our-insights/howblockchains-could-change-the-world. 69. Mary-Ann Russon, “Quantum Cryptography Breakthrough: ‘Unbreakable Security’ Possible Using Pulse Laser Seeding,” International Business Times (7 Apr. 2016), at http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/quantumcryptography-breakthrough-unbreakablesecurity-possible-using-pulse-laserseeding-1553721. 70. Ibid. 71. WDR, supra § 1 A, note 10, at 223. For an interesting perspective on the interrelation of analog and digital, see Peter Kinget, “The World Is Analog,” Circuit Cellar, No. 292 (Nov. 2014), at http://www.ee.columbia.edu/~kinget/ WhyAnalog/circuitcellar_The_World_Is_ Analog_201410.pdf. 72. WDR, supra § 1 A, note 10, at 223. Page 55 | Chapter 1 | End Notes 73. Association Internationale de Droit Pénal (AIDP/IAPL), 19th International Congress of Penal Law, (Aug. 2014), § 1.A.1, (noting, in relevant part, that “ICT and cyberspace have created specific interests which must be respected and protected, for example, privacy, confidentiality, integrity and availability of ICT systems as well as the integrity of personal identities in cyberspace”). 74. Xavier Amadei, “Standards of Liability for Internet Service Providers: A Comparative Study of France and the United States with a Specific Focus on Copyright, Defamation, and Illicit Content,” Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 35 (1) (2001), at http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/ cilj/?utm_source=scholarship.law.cornell. edu%2Fcilj%2Fvol35%2Fiss1%2F4&utm_ medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCov erPages. 75. Ronald Noble, Former INTERPOL Secretary General, at https://cdn.press. kaspersky.com/files/2013/06/KasperskyLab-Transparency-Principles_Q3_2015_ final.pdf. 76. Internet Security Alliance, “Cross Cutting Issue #2: How Can We Create Public Private Partnerships that Extended to Action Plans that Work?,” The White House of Barack Obama, at https:// obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ files/documents/cyber/ISA%20-%20 Hathaway%20public%20private %20partnerships.pdf. 77. Executive Order—Promoting Private Sector Cybersecurity Information Sharing, (13 Feb. 2015). See also “Executive Order -- Promoting Private Sector Cybersecurity Information Sharing,” The White House of President Barack Obama, Press Release, (13 Feb. 2015), at https://www.whitehouse. gov/the-press-office/2015/02/13/ executive-order-promoting-private-sectorcybersecurity-information-shari; Gregory Korte, “Obama Signs Two Executive Orders on Cybersecurity,” USA Today, (9 Feb. 2016), at http://www.usatoday. com/story/news/politics/2016/02/09/ obama-signs-two-executive-orderscybersecurity/80037452/. 78. Pres. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on Securing Our Nation’s Cyber Infrastructure,” The White House Office of the Press Secretary, The White House of President Barack Obama, (29 May 2009), at https://obamawhitehouse.archives. gov/the-press-office/remarks-presidentsecuring-our-nations-cyber-infrastructure. Table of Contents