2  Published by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Vienna, November 2022 © OSCE 2022 Layout and design by Peno Mishoyan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers. This restriction does not apply to making digital or hard copies of this publication for internal use within the OSCE, and for personal or educational use when for non-profit and non-commercial purposes, providing that copies be accompanied by an acknowledgment of the OSCE as the source. ISBN 978-92-9271-044-6 Transnational Threats Department OSCE Secretariat Wallnerstrasse 6, A-1010 Vienna, Austria https://www.osce.org/secretariat/cyber-ict-security The publication of this report was made possible thanks to generous contributions from the Federal Republic of Germany and French Republic. The content of this publication, including the views, opinions, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of these donors. It is not a consensus-based document. This publication is published in line with the mandate of the OSCE Transnational Threats Department. The OSCE Secretariat does not accept any liability for the accuracy or completeness of any information, for instructions or advice provided, or for misprints. The OSCE Secretariat may not be held responsible for any loss or harm arising from the use of information contained in this publication and is not responsible for the content of the external sources, including external websites referenced in this publication.