A/76/136 I. Introduction 1. On 22 December 2018, the General Assembly adopted resolution 73/266, in which it requested the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2019 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, proceeding from the assessments and recommendations contained in the reports of previous Groups of Governmental Experts, to continue to study, with a view to promoting common understandings and effective implementation, possible cooperative measures to address existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security, including norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviour of States, confidence-building measures and capacity-building, as well as how international law applies to the use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) by States, and to submit a report on the results of the study, including an annex containing national contributions of participating governmental experts on the subject of how international law applies to the use of ICTs by States, to the Assembly at its seventy-sixth session. 2. The Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to the abovementioned resolution adopted its report by consensus on 28 May 2021. In paragraph 73 of the Group’s report (A/76/135), it is stated that, in accordance with the Group’s mandate, an official compendium of voluntary national contributions of participating governmental experts on the subject of how international law applies to the use of ICTs by States will be made available on the website of the Office for Disarmament Affairs. 3. The voluntary national contributions referred to in paragraph 2 above have been submitted by the respective participating governmental experts and are contained in section II of the present document. The contributions are made available in the language of submission only. II. Voluntary national contributions of participating governmental experts on the subject of how international law applies to the use of information and communications technologies by States Australia [Original: English] Australia welcomes the opportunity to submit its national contribution on the subject of how international law applies to the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) by States as an annex to the report of the UN Group of Governmental Experts, as requested by the UN General Assembly in Resolution 73/266 (2019). The international community recognises that existing international law – and in particular the UN Charter in its entirety – is applicable to State conduct in cyberspace and is essential to maintaining peace and stability and promoting an open, secure, peaceful and accessible ICT environment. This is reflected in the 2013 and 2015 reports of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Cyber (UN GGE) and the 2021 report of the UN Open Ended Working Group on Cyber (UN OEWG). The 2021 OEWG Report called upon States to avoid and refrain from taking any measures not in accordance with international law, and in particular the Charter of the United Nations, and concluded that further common understandings need to be developed on how international law applies to State use of ICTs. 21-09670 3/142

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