5.2.1.1 Treats Cyberspace as a strategic domain Promoters of a national cybersecurity strategy (hereafter “strategy”) should consider highlighting the value of cyberspace to achieving strategic national objectives. One may note that States devise strategies for land, air, sea and space domains because of their criticality to achieving national interests. Similarly, one may point out that States require a strategy for securing cyberspace because of its growing contribution to the delivery of services essential to daily life, commerce, national security, innovation and the general 29 free flow of information . Therefore, strategies help mitigate the impact of cyber attacks. 5.2.1.2 Basis for a National Programme Our work has also brought us in touch with parties sceptical of national programmes. For example, a national leader wondered why his country required a national cybersecurity strategy when the liberalisation of the telecommunications sector handed responsibility over to the private sector. Readers may consider answering similar concerns as follows. One may say that despite liberalisation, governments never cede accountability for facilitating commerce and protecting the lives and property of their citizens. As such, one may add that the strategy would help the Government perform its duties to citizens. To allay Government fears, consider stressing that the Government’s primarily serves as a facilitator rather than a doer. However, the Government has to lead efforts to define national cybersecurity goals. The strategy helps initiate a systematic national programme to defend cyberspace from threat whatever their origin. Critically, the strategy prioritises cyber threats and risks as well as allocates responsibilities. The national programme ensures that all relevant stakeholders accept responsibility for and take steps to enhance cybersecurity. As a result, the strategy improves security as it provides all stakeholders awareness of relevant risks, preventive measures and effective responses. 5.2.1.3 Strategy Builds Capacity Lastly, we recommend that promoters of strategies highlight the human and institutional capacity building impact of an inclusive national cybersecurity strategy. Our proposed national cybersecurity strategy model is a good example. The model defines ends (vision), ways (approaches) and means (resources). As we shall see later, cybersecurity goals could be economic, social and national security. Based on the goals, the ways identify priorities in terms of the five Pillars of the ITU Global Cybersecurity Agenda. For example, our strategy model calls for legal measures and organisational structures such as CIRT. The strategy also caters for information sharing and collaboration due to the global nature of threats. Therefore, a strategy could yield benefits beyond security. 5.3 WHO: CYBERSECURITY STAKEHOLDERS We recommend that States involve as many stakeholders as possible in the elaboration of national cybersecurity strategies. This is because cyberspace increasingly touches all forms of social, economic and national security activity. Involving a wide group of players is important for the following practical reasons. First, it helps ensure stakeholder buy-in. 29 Refer to United Nations Resolution 64/211 27