Article 16. § 1. Preparation only occurs when the perpetrator, in order to commit a prohibited act, undertakes activities aimed at creating the conditions for effecting an act leading directly to commission of the prohibited act, particularly when, for this purpose, he enters into an arrangement with another person, acquires or makes ready the means, gathers information or concludes a plan of action. § 2. Preparation is subject to a penalty only when the law so provides. Article 17. § 1. Whoever voluntarily abandoned preparation, and particularly, when he destroyed the prepared means or prevented them from being utilised in the future shall not be subject to penalty. In the case of entering an arrangement with another person in order to commit a prohibited act, whoever undertook an essential endeavour aimed at preventing the commission of the prohibited act, shall not be subject to penalty. § 2. The person to whom Article 15 § 1 applies shall not be liable to penalty for preparation. Article 18. § 1. Not only the person who has committed a prohibited act himself or together and under arrangement with another person, but also a person who has directed the commission of a prohibited act by another person, or taken advantage of the subordination of another person to him, orders such a person to commit such a prohibited act, shall be liable for perpetration. § 2. Whoever, willing that another person should commit a prohibited act, induces the person to do so, shall be liable for instigating. § 3. Whoever, with an intent that another person should commit a prohibited act, facilitates by his behaviour the commission of the act, particularly by providing the instrument, means of transport, or giving 6