Glossary 5G technology 5G is the 5th generation of mobile technology. It is likely to bring higher rates of data transmission, reliability, and connectivity. Artificial intelligence A computerised system capable of simulating human decision making and learning, including performing cognitive functions associated with the human mind including learning and language. Credential harvesting Collecting legitimate users’ usernames and passwords to gain access to target systems, for malicious purposes. Critical infrastructure/critical national infrastructure Physical and digital assets, services, and supply chains, the disruption (loss, compromise) of which would severely impact the maintenance of national security, public safety, fundamental rights, and well-being of all New Zealanders. Cyber attack Deliberate exploitation of information systems to cause harm. Cyber incident An event, whether intentional or not, that causes adverse consequences to an information system or its data. Cyber security Protecting people and their computers, networks, programs and data from unauthorised access, exploitation, or modification. Cyber terrorism The use of computer systems in committing a terrorist act. Cybercrime Crimes that are committed through the use of computer systems, and are directed at computer systems. Examples include producing malicious software, denial of service attacks, and phishing. Cyber-enabled crime Crimes that are assisted, facilitated or escalated in scale by the use of technology. Examples are cyber-enabled fraud and the online distribution of child exploitation material. New Zealand’s cyber security strategy 2019 Cyberspace The internet and everything connected to it – the global network of interdependent information systems, telecommunications networks and information technology infrastructures. Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS) A cyber attack that stops users from accessing a service or resource, by overloading that service with requests. Encryption The transformation of otherwise readable data into a form that conceals its original meaning, to prevent it from being known or used. Strong encryption is a fundamental element of good cyber security, which is increasingly critical to New Zealand’s national security and economic prosperity. Information system/computer system A computer system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. Internet of Things Computing devices connected to the internet and embedded into everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data. Malicious software/ malware Software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system. Examples include computer viruses, worms, Trojans, spyware, and adware. Phishing Using fraudulent emails to persuade people to reveal confidential information, such as login or banking information. Quantum Computing Whereas a classical computer works with ones and zeros, quantum computers have the advantage of using ones, zeros and “superpositions” of ones and zeros. This means they can perform calculations at a far greater rate than classical computers. Ransomware A type of malicious software that locks up the files on an information system until a ransom is paid. Software The programs used by a computer, as well as other information that it relies on to operate. 16