The OSCE Parliamentary Assembly: 22. Stresses the importance of developing a timely and effective legislative, regulatory and administrative response to the emergence of new psychoactive substances in order to reduce the harm to the health and safety of the population; 23. Calls on participating States to respond swiftly and effectively to the emergence of new psychoactive substances by developing timely and effective legislative, regulatory and administrative measures; 24. Recommends that participating States consider the possibility of enacting legislative, regulatory and administrative measures, in particular legislation on controlled substance analogues and general laws to describe the chemical structure of substances, promoting multi-faceted regulatory approaches and temporary or emergency control measures and operational planning procedures, and adopting vigorous action in the field of public health, including with regard to pharmaceutical products, consumer protection and dangerous substances; 25. Calls on participating States to exchange information through bilateral and multilateral channels on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures adopted to effectively combat the threats arising from new psychoactive substances; 26. Calls on participating States to establish or strengthen national early-warning mechanisms in order to ensure effective co-operation, the exchange of information at interdepartmental, national, regional and international level and a better assessment of the risks associated with new psychoactive substances; 27. Also invites participating States to conduct campaigns to heighten the awareness of law enforcement personnel of new trends in the illicit spread of drugs, with a focus on new psychoactive substances, in order to promote preventive measures and measures to reduce demand; 28. Calls on participating States to monitor the illicit market for new psychoactive substances in real time and establish relations of trust with users of virtual markets in order to facilitate a timely identification of new psychoactive substances, the arrest and prosecution of dealers and the closing of illicit markets; 29. Urges participating States to support public-private partnerships, in particular with the involvement of the chemical industry, the transport sector, and financial and bank institutions, so as to assist the efforts of law enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute cases associated with the illicit sale of new psychoactive substances; 30. Invites participating States to strengthen the co-operation of law enforcement agencies with government bodies, NGOs and civil society on questions associated with the prevention of the illicit use of controlled chemical substances, both listed and unlisted, and to work to ensure that the results are forwarded to monitoring and early-warning mechanisms; 42