A/71/172 Governments have a primary role to play in the cybersecurity issues relating to national security. There is a need to develop suitable mechanisms for sharing of information relating to cyberthreats, cybercrime and cyberterrorism. There is also a need for real-time cooperation between government agencies to deal with cybercrime. Further, the issue of cyberwarfare, c yberdoctrines and their impact on international security should be discussed at all international forums. While rules of responsible State behaviour in cyberspace are still be agreed to, a common understanding on the confidence-building measures as enumerated in the 2015 report of the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts could be used for taking appropriate measures for capacity-building in the area of cybersecurity. In this regard, the framework developed by the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise provides useful guidance. India is an important stakeholder in the use of ICT. It supports the multi-stakeholderism in Internet governance and is proactive in various international forums, including the Group of Governmental Experts, the Open Consultation Process on Overall Review of the Implementation of the World Summit on the Information Society Outcomes and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. India, in consultation with all stakeholders, has adopted an integrated approach with a series of policy, legal, technical and administrative steps for addressing cybersecurity concerns and to promote international cooperation on the subject. Its legal framework is aligned with other legal frameworks in the world. National Cyber Security Policy (20 13) has been put in place with a vision to build secure and resilient cyberspace for citizens, businesses and Government. It emphasizes capacity-building, skill development and public-private partnerships on cybersecurity. Japan [Original: English] [27 May 2016] General appreciation of the issues of information security Japan believes that cyberspace should be a space where freedom is assured without unnecessary restrictions, and where all actors who wish to access it are neither denied nor excluded without legitimate reason. Our efforts comply with the following five principles; free flow of information, rule of law, openness, self governance and multi-stakeholder approach. Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security and promote international cooperation in this field 1. Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security Based on the Cybersecurity Strategy established in September 2015, Japan makes efforts to strengthen information security. 2. Efforts taken at the national level to promote international cooperation Japanese efforts consist of the following three pillars: promoting (1) the rule of law in cyberspace; (2) confidence-building measures; and (3) capacity-building. With regard to the promotion of the rule of law, Japan proactively contributes to 16-12486 11/24