The need for closer international cooperation is being emphasized in order to respond to security threats that are difficult to counter through efforts at the level of individual countries. Efforts are ongoing in the international community to expand the non-proliferation system, among others, through the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). In July 2015, the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany (P5+1) agreed to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) which put a halt on Iran’s nuclear program. In March 2016, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2270,7) which condemned the fourth nuclear test and the test-launch of a long-range ballistic missile by North Korea, and imposed fresh sanctions on the country. The fifth nuclear test was met by the adoption of Resolution 23218) in November 2016, imposing stronger sanctions, which demonstrated and reaffirmed the resolve and unity of the international community concerning the North Korean nuclear issue. Efforts toward international cooperation in counter-terrorism are also ongoing in response to ISIL and other violent extremist groups. In November 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2249 condemning terrorist attacks by ISIL and calling upon the member states to take all necessary measures to prevent the extremist group from recruiting foreign combatants and stop the flow of terrorist funds. Governments around the world actively responded to this call. The Global Coalition to Counter ISIL,9) founded in 2014, on the initiative of the U.S., has engaged in various activities against ISIL from air strikes in territories occupied by the terrorist organization to relief efforts for refugees in Iraq and Syria. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia and its regional neighbors formed, in 2015, the ‘Islamic Military Alliance to Combat Terrorism.’10) International cooperation efforts to respond to cyber-threats are also gaining momentum. In 7) tough sanctions were imposed by this resolution in which the human rights issue in North Korea was mentioned for the first time, including the prohibition of providing nuclear weapon or missile development-related instruction or training to North Korean nationals, blocking the transfer of items, materials and equipment related to the development of weapons of mass destruction, prohibition of trade of items and goods that may be used for production of weapons, mandatory inspection of all cargos destined for or originating from North Korea and the prohibition of public and private financial transactions with North Korea. 8) the new resolution contains significantly fewer escape clauses than the previous resolution, hence eliminating many of the loopholes, and has reduced the permitted scope of trade in coal and other goods for livelihood purposes, while also reducing the number of staff at North Korean diplomatic missions and restricting bank accounts held by North Korean nationals to be able to effectively control the flow of foreign funds into the country. along with resolution 2270, this resolution imposes the most robust and comprehensive set of non-military sanctions in the history of the UN. 9) as of 2016, the Global Coalition to Counter iSiL counts sixty-two member countries and international organizations (military operation partners: Saudi arabia, U.S., France, etc. / armament support providers: Germany, italy, etc. / humanitarian assistance providers: the rOK, Japan, etc.). 10) among its thirty-four signatories are fourteen Middle eastern countries including Saudi arabia and the Uae, sixteen african countries including egypt and Morocco and four asian countries including Malaysia and Bangladesh. Section 1 Global Security environment 11 Chapter 1 3. Bolstering Cooperation with the International Community to Respond to security Threats