well as effective national measures are essential to combat this problem. Vanuatu has a number of measures in place to combat IUU fishing, but these need strengthening. The transition to the new patrol boat in 2021 will provide a good opportunity for Vanuatu to review and strengthen the policing of illegal and unauthorised activity in Vanuatu waters and the EEZ by fishing vessels, ships and private yachts. Vanuatu’s history has illustrated the importance of robust health and quarantine controls. Pandemics have been a rising security threat world-wide, particularly Ebola, Zika, influenza and H1N1. Meanwhile air links, and the prospect of direct flights from new points of origin, particularly in Asia, underline the need for effective Point-of-Entry screening and a strong commitment to comply with International Health Regulations. Vanuatu has been strengthening border controls in recent times, for example by upgrading the screening of passenger arrivals, and of the enforcement of the rules for overstayers and foreign workers. However significant vulnerabilities remain and, while difficult to quantify, there is evidence of illegal or unauthorised entry by vessels, people and goods into Vanuatu and its waters. A comprehensive review of this sector would be timely. Areas of focus should include any gaps in legislation and institutional frameworks such as management plans, MoUs and operating procedures; personnel and training; equipment; whole-of-Government coordination; and engagement with regional and international organisations and development partners. Close working collaboration and exchange of information between border agencies is essential. There are useful mechanisms already in place, such as the 2018 MoU between the VPF and the Immigration Department, and semi-regular joint meetings of agencies. However, whole-of-government The Forum Fisheries Agency, based in Honiara, is the lead agency in the region for surveillance of IUU fishing activities. It is one of a number of regional agencies, under the umbrella of the Pacific Islands Forum, which are vital for security and border management cooperation between member countries. Agencies include the Pacific Transnational Crime Coordination Centre (PTCCC); the Oceania Customs Organisation (OCO); the Pacific Immigration Development Community (PIDC); and the Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police (PICP) organisation. 31