including the availability of the doctrine of countermeasures in response to internationally wrongful acts. We are also keen to see increased engagement in the international debate on cyber security. Alongside other governments, we support the work of ICT4Peace, which provides training modules and course to public officials, technical staff academics and NGOs to enable them to promote and negotiate international norms of responsible state behaviour, confidence building measures and international cooperation. We work with ICT4Peace to widen state participation on cyber security issues, so that countries which are not regular contributors can establish themselves on a global stage; this will broaden the debate and give countries the tools, skills and knowledge to engage at an international level. In support of this initiative, four workshops have been delivered in Columbia in 2014, Kenya and Singapore in 2015 and Ethiopia in 2016. “Possible measures that could be taken by the international community to strengthen information security at the global level.” In the view of the United Kingdom, the measures that could make the most significant contribution to strengthening cyber security at the global level include: - Continuing discussions among States in regional and multilateral fora to develop common understandings of acceptable state behaviour in the interests of international cyber security based on existing international law; - The future development of bilateral and regional confidence building measures for cyberspace aimed at increasing the transparency and predictability of state behaviour; - The establishment of computer emergency response teams (CERTs) by States as a focus for incident-handling and information-sharing, and the development of regional and wider cooperation between CERTs; - Encouraging greater law enforcement cooperation on cybercrime, and the adoption of suitable legislation such as the Convention on Cybercrime; - Recognising that a multi-stakeholder approach to internet governance will best serve the aims of increasing security and stability as well as promoting economic and social progress; - Enhanced engagement and dialogue with industry and the private sector more broadly to take account of their critical role and ownership in the cyber domain. 8