How to approach 5G policies Wearables. These are mostly sensors attached to humans or animals, ranging from watches, wrist bands, other health monitoring devices up to implanted chips. They can be used for example for the health and safety of humans and pets, or in agricultural production. However, wearable devices have their limitations linked to battery power, which restricts their ability to process and transmit large amounts of data and makes regular charging necessary. Wireless charging technologies may help with this in the future. That said wearables and wireless charging are likely to bring wireless radiation health issues into the spotlight. Property-attached sensors. Sensors attached to non-living objects are mainly aimed to collect data, which can subsequently improve security and management of such properties (smart home, smart office), machinery (early fault indication), cities (smart city), farms (smart agriculture) etc. Again, battery life in the absence of wireless charging may initially limit the versatility of use of such devices. Sensors including cameras connected and powered by wires may fulfil a similar function without a need for 5G connectivity. Again, the installation of large numbers of connected devices into inhabited areas may fuel the radiation health debate. Robotic devices. Automated production lines, automated cars and other kinds of robotic devices represent the ultimate use case for 5G and probably the only one, which can fully utilize the technology’s true potential. Given their larger size and autonomous operation, batteries and radio pollution are less of an issue compared to the sensors. Apart from 5G networks the main bottleneck is in the advancement of AI, robotic and automation technologies. However, breakthroughs in these areas are likely in the next few years. Fig. 5 | 5G use cases FWA Handsets Wearables Property-attached sensors Robots home FTTH substitute gaming in most instances narrow-band IoT security, transport and other use cases in factory opportunity economics works only in some markets marginal benefit may be modest initially batteries may pose a constraint often narrow band IoT AR/VR batteries may pose a constraint economic challenge around coverge batteries may pose a constraint Source: Digiteccs Associates As discussed, the game-changing innovative impact of 5G will only come in combination with robotics, automation and AI technologies. This can play out across different industries in the following ways: Industry 4.0 - automation in manufacturing (flexible setup of production lines, better predictability of potential problems and oversight of the production process, use of robots in factories and warehouses, possibility of humans working in the production facilities remotely, reduction of risks for human workers, better scope for product customization etc) About 5G 19