diversely skilled personnel and offer new types of training for those joining the armed forces; B. Evolution of the Luxembourg Defence for 2025+ • create synergies with our international partners, with national players and between the individual military capabilities themselves; Beyond the 2025 horizon, the goal of defence policy will be for the evolution of the armed forces to reflect the image of our country – integrated with the international community, in full command of modern technology, receptive to research and development and open to EU citizens. • offer the greatest possible benefit to the entire country and allow the growth of a national Defence Technological and Industrial Base. The army will be equipped with modern military capabilities such as RPAS in the context of its ISR mission, and will develop its Air Component by investing in new air platforms and space technologies for communications & observation, medical evacuation and transport. A study will be conducted on physically embedding some of these air platforms at Luxembourg airport, with public and private synergies. New skill profiles will be defined within the military career pathways, making the armed forces more attractive and opening gateways and career development opportunities in the private sector. a. Main lines of capability development Armed forces traditionally comprise three major components: land, air and sea. Luxembourg’s armed force has historically been a land army. However, just as international developments have seen two new domains of military action emerge (space and cyber), the Luxembourg Defence and army have in recent years already begun working in these new areas and in the field of air operations. While career militaries must still be Luxembourg citizens, certain more technological functions may, under strict and limited conditions, be open to EU citizens. The Luxembourg Defence has traditionally specialized in land reconnaissance and operational support capabilities. In military terms, reconnaissance is part of the broader area of ISR – Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance. Reconnaissance enables a military contingent engaged in an operation to gather intelligence, by visual observation and using various means of detection, in particular to identify the risks to which deployed military personnel are exposed, so as to protect them and to facilitate the planning and decision-making process. Multinational capability investment will become a pillar of national defence policy in line with the principles of international solidarity, synergy, integration and cooperation. Consideration will be given to establishing and tasking a national capability investment agency, with a view to implementing a permanent, effective instrument for this long-term capability investment policy. This entity would be placed under the authority of the Defence Directorate. For 2025 and beyond, the Luxembourg Defence will effect a transition that will see the Luxembourg army outgrow its land dimension and that will furnish Luxembourg with an array of relevant and coherent tools for executing its missions. The army will remain at the heart of defence. Future capability developments will be effected in cooperation with the army and, as far as possible, army involvement in their implementation will be sought. More detailed studies will need to determine precisely the extent of the armed forces’ ownership of capability development. All capability acquisitions will be implemented following internal consultation between the Defence Directorate and the armed forces. *** The Luxembourg Defence must evolve. To that end, (a) the defence effort must target capability sectors that shadow technological evolutions and that fall within priority areas for Luxembourg, (b) Luxembourg’s Army will contribute to implementing and deploying military capabilities while preserving its social role, and (c) the Luxembourg Defence must ensure that it has the necessary human resources to achieve its objectives. In view of the security developments and objectives described in Chapter I, the Government intends to ensure that the defence policy and the upscaling defence effort: Luxembourg: - provides capabilities operated by its armed forces; • enable our country’s policy and security objectives to be implemented and our national and international levels of ambition to be achieved; - develops specialized capabilities and services drawing on industrial know-how; • develop new capabilities within the Luxembourg armed forces, the Government wishing to seize the opportunity offered by a change in defence policy and an increase in the defence effort to permit the Luxembourg armed forces to grow, modernize, acquire both new equipment and new skills, attract more - contributes to multinational capability initiatives and to collective capability-related programmes. An army, and military capability programmes, cannot change overnight. The capability programmes will take shape over a number of years. The troops must be reor- 37