National Cybersecurity Strategy O Operators of Essential Services (OES) Pursuant to the NIS Decree, OES are public or private entities that provide essential services for society and the economy in the health, energy, transport, banking, financial market infrastructures, supply and distribution of drinking water, and digital infrastructures sectors. P Public Digital Identity System (SPID) The Public Digital Identity System is the key to access digital services of local and central Administrations. A single credential (username and password) that represents the digital and personal identity of each citizen, who is thus recognized by the Public Administration to use digital services in a personalized and secure manner. SPID also allows access to public services of EU member States and of companies or traders who have chosen it as an identification tool. The private sector can also benefit from digital identity by improving the user experience and the management of their customers' personal data. Q Quantum computing Calculation method, implemented by computers based on quantum mechanics, capable of simultaneously processing, through parallel computing, several solutions to the same problem. 47