FEDERAL CYBERSECURITY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC PLAN (2019) beyond QKD, for security and efficiency. Extend these protocols to multiparty scenarios whenever possible. Demonstrate a small number of protocols to validate their utility on quantum systems. • Understand how quantum technologies can be exploited for attacks on classical and/or quantum systems. Understand security threats against quantum devices and their supply chain, including materials designed for various physical platforms. Design security models, craft provably secure countermeasures against quantum attacks, and demonstrate the feasibility of these defense mechanisms. Trustworthy Distributed Digital Infrastructure A trustworthy distributed digital infrastructure (TDDI) is a critical enabling element for the United States to underpin the growth of new industries that will help drive the Nation’s economic growth and keep the Nation as the world leader in innovation. This imperative is recognized in the Administration’s 2018 National Cyber Strategy, specifically to “facilitate the accelerated development and rollout of nextgeneration telecommunications and information communications infrastructure in the United States,”16 which includes the deployment of advanced fifth-generation (5G)-and-beyond wireless networks. A TDDI will help distribute computing to the new network edge, enabling a wide range of applications and societal benefits for manufacturing, healthcare, smart grids, autonomous vehicles and mobility, and smart cities. Recognizing this opportunity, the Administration’s FY 2021 Research and Development Budget Priorities Memorandum calls for agencies to prioritize R&D to “lower barriers to the deployment of surface, air, and maritime autonomous vehicles.”17 Challenges 5G and Post-5G Wireless Security and Resiliency 5G wireless networks are poised to transform the world’s digital infrastructure, supporting a connected society with higher data rates, lower latency, and higher reliability. While the underlying technologies for 5G are largely complete, research is needed into cost-effective means to ensure secure and resilient communications over potentially untrusted infrastructure. A significant area of concern is securing the information and communications technology and services supply chain underlying 5G technology.18 Additionally, research is needed to shape the capabilities required in the next generation of networking technology, including faster, higher-bandwidth 5G and post-5G networks, and secure autonomous spectrum sharing.19 It is critical to design security from the beginning into all layers of post-5G networks and services, from mobile devices through radio access and core networks, to the Internet, and into enterprise systems and applications. Edge and Fog Computing Cloud computing continues to grow year after year, particularly in the infrastructure-as-a-service sector. Increasingly, cloud applications need to provide feedback to end users in real time. The low16 17 18 19 2018 National Cyber Strategy, p. 15. Memorandum M-19-25, p. 4. “Executive Order on Securing the Information and Communications Technology and Services Supply Chain” (May 15, 2019); https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-securing-informationcommunications-technology-services-supply-chain/. Executive Office of the President. Research and Development Priorities for American Leadership in Wireless Communications (May 2019); https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Research-andDevelopment-Priorities-for-American-Leadership-in-Wireless-Communications-Report-May-2019.pdf. – 15 –