B) The development of our cyber capacities to better defend ourselves and prevent malicious cyber activities, in a fully transparent manner. In implementing Canada’s 2018 National Cyber Security Strategy, Canada created the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, which consolidated the cyber security operational units of the Government of Canada into one public-facing organization. The Cyber Centre is a single unified source of expert advice, guidance, services and support on cyber security for government, critical infrastructure owners and operations, the private sector and the Canadian public. Specifically, the Cyber Centre enables faster, better-coordinated, and more focused Government responses to cyber threats. It provides quicker, more effective information flow between the Government and private sector partners. The Cyber Centre provides a clear national point of contact for authoritative cyber security advice and assistance. The Cyber Centre also aims to provide enhanced public awareness and education about cyber security, improve cyber security skills sharing and information, and provide more regular cyber threat assessments to better inform decision-making and inform federal policy on cyber security. As an outward-facing organization, the Cyber Centre welcomes collaborative partnerships and projects with the Canadian cyber security sector. Canada’s Defence Policy, released on June 7, 2017, recognized the growing threat posed by malicious actors in cyberspace. To help protect and defend Canada, our Defence Policy stated that the Canadian Armed Forces are developing the capability to conduct active cyber operations focused on external threats to Canada in the context of government-authorized military missions. All our missions are subject to all applicable domestic and international law. The 2017 Defence Policy also announced the creation of the cyber occupation in the military to increase the Canadian Armed Forces capacity in this domain. In June 2019, the Communications Security Establishment Act (CSE Act) received Royal Assent. It gave the Communications Security Establishment, Canada’s signals intelligence agency, the authority to undertake active and defensive cyber operations for the first time. These authorities are needed to allow Canada to better defend against foreign cyber threats before they can damage Canadian systems or information holdings. The legislation also included clear requirements for and restrictions on the exercise of this authority. Other partners and allies have been similarly transparent about their capabilities and the conditions under which they might be used. Like others, we see this transparency as an important step to avoid misperceptions, reduce uncertainties and foster trust in cyberspace. C) The promotion, at the international level, of the applicability of international law and of norms of responsible behavior applicable to the conduct of different actors in cyberspace. To counter cyber threats, Canada has supported the recognition of the applicability of international law in cyberspace, the adoption of voluntary norms for responsible State behaviour, and the development of confidence-building measures. The 2013 and 2015 UN GGE reports recognized the applicability of international law and the 2015 GGE report outlined voluntary norms for State behaviour in cyberspace. These norms were subsequently endorsed in a wide range of international forums, including by the UN General Assembly, the G20 and various regional organizations. Canada has endorsed these norms and is actively working to promote their implementation. One way we have done this is by organizing workshops to help countries better understand the norms and what can be done to implement them. We co-hosted a workshop with Mexico and the OAS on May 30, 2019 that targeted OAS countries, and we organized a similar one targeting Francophonie countries on September 6, 2019. In our annual submissions to the UN, such as our 2016 submission, and elsewhere, Canada has stated that we believe that existing international law is applicable to the use of ICTs by States, and is essential to maintaining peace and stability and to promoting an open, secure, peaceful and accessible ICT environment. The international law relevant to cyberspace includes the UN Charter, the law on State Responsibility, including countermeasures, International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law, where applicable. Canada has also participated in the work of the Internet & Jurisdiction (I&J) Policy Network. Founded in 2012, the I&J has brought together international stakeholders from academia, industry (Internet companies, technical operators), governments, international organizations and civil society groups with over 200 key organizations as members from more than 40 countries. The goal of the I&J Network is to look at developing consensus-based approaches to the challenges created by the cross-border nature of the Internet, in three