The ESCWA Cyber Legislation Digest 9. Crimes involving the promotion, import or export of encryption tools without license or prior authorization from the required official agencies in the country. Also included is the sale of unlicensed tools. This directive identifies eleven chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: Chapter 6: Chapter 7: Chapter 8: Chapter 9: Chapter 10: Chapter 11: Crimes whose target is Data Crimes whose target is Information Systems Misuse of Information Systems and Software Crimes of a Financial or Transactional Nature Cybercrimes against Minors Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights Crimes related to Banking Cards and Electronic Money Crimes against Private Data Racial Crimes or Crimes against Humanity Drug and Gambling related crimes Cybercrimes against Public and National Security Their related sections and articles are listed in Appendix A. Directive 6: Intellectual Property Rights in ICT and Cyberspace The rise in the penetration of computers led to a wider area of usage than they were originally designed for. Authors, composers, film producers and developers of content, among others, found themselves faced with an ever improving set of tools and utilities to use when developing or creating their works. Works were developed in digital format and often, disseminated in that form. As in the other five directives, the rise in digital facilities used through Information Systems necessitated the generation of a new set of legislation frameworks, needed to protect the rights of authors against various transgressions. The issues researched and addressed by this directive cover the legal protection of various items. Legal protection in this directive covers both intellectual property rights as well as the protection of patents. The following include the various areas addressed in the directive: 1. Application software (system and operating software, programming languages, application software, etc.) This covers the legal protection of such products in terms of their ownership, the rights of the holder of the intellectual copyright as well as the exceptions that might result thereof. 2. Databases (content and structure). This covers two aspects: ownership and the right to use such databases. 3. Semiconducting products. This covers laws related to the protection of the owner of such products, those related to the patenting and duration of rights as well as rights related to the topographies of semiconducting products. 18