against him or her, be deprived of the right he or she has acquired to engage in an activity for which an official licence, authorisation in law, appointment or the passing of an examination is required, providing the offence indicates that there is a substantial risk that the convicted person will commit an offence in his or her position or activity. In cases of gross violation, the person may also be deprived of the right described above if he or she is no longer regarded as worthy to pursue the position or exercise the entitlement. A person may be deprived of the rights described in the second paragraph for a specific period of up to five years or for life. [The same applies to legal persons, though permanent deprivation of rights shall only be determined in the case of gross offences.] Special provisions in law on the deprivation of the rights referred to in the first and second paragraphs shall retain their validity. Deprivation of rights is considered as taking effect from the time specified in the judgment, and at the latest from the time of publication of final judgment. If an Icelandic citizen or a person who is resident in Iceland is deprived of rights abroad under a judgment in connection with a criminal act, the prosecution may then bring [a criminal case] against him or her to effect a deprivation of rights. The same applies if a person has been sentenced to a punishment abroad, even though deprivation of rights was not part of the judgment. Decisions on deprivation of rights as provided for above shall be subject to Icelandic law.] 2) 1) 3) 1) L. 88/2008, 234. gr. L. 5/2013, 3. gr. L. 31/1961, 6. gr. 2) 3) [Art. 68 a If someone is refused an official position or an official licence to pursue employment because of having committed a criminal offence, the refusal by the authorities may be referred to the courts according to the rules on [criminal] procedure. … If someone is permanently deprived of rights under a judgment in a [criminal case], then when 5 years have passed since the judgment was delivered, the courts may be approached in accordance with the rules on criminal procedure as to whether the deprivation of rights should be cancelled. … Special provisions in law regarding the cancellation of a deprivation of rights shall retain their validity.] 1) 1) 1) 1) 2) 1) L. 88/2008, 234. gr. L. 31/1961, 7. gr. 2) [Chapter VII A. Confiscation.] 1) 1) L. 149/2009, 2. gr. [Art. 69 Gains derived from an offence, or a sum of money partly or fully equivalent to them, may be confiscated. The same applies to items that are purchased with the gains or that have replaced them. Where it is not possible to prove in detail the monetary value of the gains, it may be estimated.