National Information and Communications Technology Policy Internet usage, but in terms of Internet penetration Tanzania still lags behind other countries in the region with similar GDP per capita and literacy levels. Mobile network operators are picking up the slack and becoming key players in Internet service provision with their extensive national coverage following the introduction of mobile data and broadband services. Despite the above-mentioned achievements, most citizens still cannot access broadband services. This in turn calls for a re-examination of the policy focus so as to accommodate these developments. Moreover, the development of communication infrastructure still faces challenges due to the absence of a supportive framework for acquisition of right of way for construction of telecommunication infrastructure, lack of mechanism to facilitate broadband penetration agenda to all, absence of ICT standardization policy and national data centre framework, vandalism of ICT infrastructure, high cost of provision of rural telecommunication and unreliable or absence of power supply. While the NICTP 2003 is silent on spectrum issues, the industry has witnessed an increasing demand for wireless communication spectrum following the liberalization of the communication sector in the country. There has been a challenge of spectrum acquisition for various uses and a big chunk of allocated spectrum is underutilized while implementation of critical services is affected. The use of finite telecommunications and ICT resources including spectrum, internet numbering and country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) namely dot tz (.tz) which is a national resource in the cyber-space, has been increasing in recent years. For instance, a cumulative number of dot tz domains registration increased from 1,703 in June 2005 to 9,558 in April 2015. Despite this achievement, the NICTP 2003 was silent on dot tz domain protection, which is among key national resources. This is a result of establishment of the Tanzania Network Information Centre (tzNIC) in 2006 under public private partnership arrangement. To ensure efficient and effective utilization of this scarce national resource, there is a need to have policy provisions so that the country can reap maximum benefits for a sustainable telecommunications industry. 1.1.2 Legal and Regulatory Environment The main objective of the legal and regulatory framework focus area in the NICTP 2003 was to establish an enabling legal framework for promotion of ICT in the country. To achieve this objective, the government has been undertaking reforms in the legal framework, by putting in place cyber and 4