Planning and conducting effects.’46 CEMA must be considered an integral part of joint action47 and fully integrated alongside non-CEMA, sequencing and combining actions through the full spectrum approach to achieve the desired influence. Figure 4.2 provides an example of how CEMA may contribute to joint actions. Higher commander’s effect Deny Enemy passage of information Destroy Equipment and personnel at communications node Attack Locations or facility Neutralise A specific communications node Subordinate commander’s effect Degrade Offensive cyber operations, denial of service attack Subordinate commander’s action Disrupt Communications links Electronic attack Jam a frequency Figure 4.2 – An example of CEMA contribution to joint actions 4 4.5. Under the full spectrum approach, and enabled by interoperable command and control systems, CEMA actions may be planned and conducted collaboratively. This can be carried out in a number of ways. a. Action options against a single effect. Rather than simply considering a kinetic action to create a desired effect, commanders should consider other effects, with CEMA providing these options. For example, if the target was in a non-combatant urban area an electronic attack or offensive cyber operations (OCO) may be more appropriate, according to the targeting policy. b. Sequence of actions. Where a commander may put into operation a series of interconnected actions to create effect. For example, OCO against several adversarial networks to shift communication onto a specific communications system, followed by the destruction of a 46 Influence is defined as: the capacity to have an effect on the character, or behaviour of someone or something or the effect itself. Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 12th Edition, 2011. 47 AJP-3(B), Allied Joint Doctrine for the Conduct of Operations. JDN 1/18 43