Scope and definition Section 2 – Functional scope 2.5. CEMA should be coordinated and may be synchronised across any, or all, activities. Although the intent within CEMA is to synchronise offensive, defensive and inform activities, that may not be practical against the whole range of joint force activities. 2.6. CEMA comprises cyber activities and electromagnetic activities (EMA) however, there are no approved definitions for either cyber activities or EMA. Identifying these two groups of activities would help in the understanding of the CEMA scope. The proposed definition of electromagnetic activities is: all offensive, defensive and inform activities that shape or exploit the electromagnetic environment and the enabling activities that support them.15 2 2.7. Cyber activities have not been defined. However, equivalents can be found in the four cyber operations’ roles:16 • offensive cyber operations (OCO); • defensive cyber operations (DCO) (including active defence); • cyber intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (cyber ISR); and • cyber operational preparation of the environment (cyber OPE). 2.8. CEMA will also coordinate with organisations and actors conducting non-CEMA activities where required. For example, CEMA is an enabler for psychological operations that are considered to be part of information operations. Figure 2.2 illustrates this relationship with some examples (not all) of non-CEMA activities.17 15 This definition was proposed and endorsed by the CEMA CIG on behalf of the Head Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance and Cyber joint user. 16 Cyber Primer, 2nd Edition, page 51. 17 Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (JTTP) 3-70;1, Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Battlespace Management, Version 2, paragraph 23. JDN 1/18 15