motivation, or damage inflicted, this might refer to cyberterrorism, cybercrimes or, when appropriate, hacktivism. Use of new financial and economic transaction methods, such as cryptocurrency, for illicit trafficking and trading of goods and providing services or extortion, fraud and forgery of non-monetary means of payment, poses a serious security challenge because they are both sophisticated and complex. They can be used for money laundering and tax evasion and they represent a source of income for organised crime; therefore, they facilitate other activities such as financing terrorism, making the most of how difficult it is to monitor these new techniques. Cybercriminals operate under organised-crime frameworks and incessantly explore techniques for building low-risk lucrative business models, sheltered by the fact their actions are difficult to trace. Terrorist groups attempt to make the most of cyberspace vulnerabilities to launch cyberattacks or activities to radicalise individuals and collectives, for financing, disseminating techniques and tools to commit a terrorist attack, and for recruitment, training or propaganda. Intimately linked to this, there is the threat against critical infrastructures, with the clear chance of using networks to bring about a collapse as essential services fall like dominoes. Hacktivist groups carry out cyberattacks for ideological reasons and sometimes, making the most of products, services and tools available in cyberspace, they seek to develop attacks with a major media or social impact. Nor can we ignore threats from the continuous surge of organisations contracting cybercriminal services to damage their competitors and their in-house technological and human resources that might be detrimental for the organisation, without forgetting all emerging threats and actions resulting from lack of cybersecurity culture. 26 National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 Prime Minister’s Office