Digital infrastructure Cyberspace is not only virtual, but also sustained by physical and logical elements. Devices, components and systems within information and communication networks and systems can be exposed to malfunctions that stop them working correctly and deliberate actions with malicious intentions that jeopardise correct operation of critical infrastructures and essential services that depend on the associated digital systems and networks. This risk is amplified by the importance of commercial criteria over security criteria in hardware and software product design, not to mention systems and services, which complicate certification processes and might compromise the supply chain. All these aspects, along with mounting interconnectivity between systems, can bring about cascade effects with unpredictable results. International plan: security in cyberspace Security in cyberspace has become a top priority on government agendas to guarantee national security and create a trust-based digital society. In this context, Spain defends it outlook and interests as a nation and works with the international community by backing open, plural and secure cyberspace. Spain maintains its active role in all institutions where cybersecurity takes centre-stage, particularly within the European Union, the Atlantic Alliance and the United Nations, thereby proving its commitment to partners and allies. Ties are also maintained with third-party States through bilateral cooperation mechanisms that ease understanding and mutual trust based on fluid relationships in the field of cybersecurity, in an attempt to build on our skills. Prime Minister’s Office National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 19