skills gaps. We will also define and develop the cyber security skills needed across the population and workforce to operate safely and securely online. This requires action over the next twenty years, not just the next five. We will define the longterm, coordinated set of actions needed by government, industry, education providers and academia to establish a sustained supply of competent cyber security professionals, who meet the requisite standards and certification to practice confidently and securely. We will close the skills gap in Defense. We will attract cyber specialists to government who are not only effectively trained but also ready to maintain our national security. This includes an understanding of the impact of cyberspace on military operations. We will develop and implement a self-standing skills strategy that builds on existing work to integrate cyber security into the education system. This will continue to improve the state of computer science teaching overall and embed cyber Security into the curriculum. Everyone studying computer science, technology or digital skills will learn the fundamentals of cyber security and will be able to bring those skills into the workforce. As part of this effort, we will address the gender imbalance in cyber-focused professions, and reach people from more diverse backgrounds, to make sure we are drawing from the widest available talent pool. We will work closely with the Devolved Administrations to encourage a consistent approach across the SL. Alongside this work, the Government will invest in a range of initiatives to bring about immediate improvements and inform the development of the long-term skills strategy. These include:  establishing a schools programme to create a step change in specialist cyber security education and training for talented people;  creating higher and degree-level apprenticeships within the energy, finance and transport sectors to address skills gaps in essential areas;  establishing a fund to retrain candidates already in the workforce who show a high potential for the cyber security profession;  identifying and supporting quality cyber graduate and post graduate education, and identifying and filling any specialist skills gaps;  Supporting the accreditation of teacher professional development in cyber security;

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