Article 22 (1) Where a perpetrator attempted to commit a criminal offence but has voluntarily abandoned its commission punishment may be remitted. (2) Where a perpetrator voluntarily abandoned the commission of a criminal offence, he shall receive punishment for the acts that constitute another separate criminal offence which is not covered by the criminal offence that the perpetrator abandoned. 3. Complicity in Criminal Offence Principal and Co-principal Article 23 (1) A principal shall be a person who commits a criminal offence himself or a person who carries out the crime through another person provided that this other person can not be considered to be the principal. (2) Where several persons jointly take part in the commission of a crime with wrongful intent or by negligence, or where they follow their prior arrangement and jointly act with wrongful intent and thus make a significant contribution to the commission of the criminal offence, each person shall receive a punishment prescribed for the crime in question. Instigation Article 24 (1) Anyone who acts with wrongful intent to instigate another person to commit a criminal offence shall receive a punishment as if he committed the crime by himself. (2) Anyone who acts with wrongful intent to instigate another person to commit a criminal offence which carries a five year prison term or a more severe punishment but does not even attempt commission shall receive the punishment laid down by law for the attempted criminal offence. Aiding Article 25 (1) Anyone who acts with wrongful intent to aid another in the commission of a criminal offence shall be punished as if he committed it himself, but may receive a lighter punishment. (2) The following, in particular, shall be considered as aiding in the commission of a criminal offence: giving counsel or instructions on how to commit the crime, supplying the perpetrator with the means for commission of the crime, creating