Cybersecurity guide for developing countries Page II.1.8 Nuisances and malware ...................................................................................... 36 II.1.8.1 Spam........................................................................................................ 36 II.1.8.2 Malware................................................................................................... 36 II.1.8.3 Trends...................................................................................................... 39 II.1.9 Principal forms of internet crime ....................................................................... 39 II.1.9.1 Swindles, espionage and intelligence activities, rackets and blackmail . 39 II.1.9.2 Crimes against persons............................................................................ 40 II.1.9.3 Piracy ...................................................................................................... 40 II.1.9.4 Information manipulation........................................................................ 40 II.1.9.5 Role of public institutions ....................................................................... 41 II.1.10 Security incidents and unreported cybercrime ................................................... 41 II.1.11 Preparing for the cybercrime threat: a responsibility to protect ......................... 43 Section II.2 – Cyberattacks ................................................................................................. 44 II.2.1 Types of cyberattack .......................................................................................... 44 II.2.2 Theft of users’ passwords to penetrate systems ................................................. 44 II.2.3 Denial-of-service attacks .................................................................................... 44 II.2.4 Defacement attacks ............................................................................................ 45 II.2.5 Spoofing attacks ................................................................................................. 45 II.2.6 Attacks against critical infrastructure................................................................. 46 II.2.7 Phases in a cyberattack....................................................................................... 46 PART III – Technological approach .................................................................................. 49 Section III.1 – Telecommunication infrastructures .......................................................... 51 III.1.1 Characteristics .................................................................................................... 51 III.1.2 Fundamental principles ...................................................................................... 51 III.1.3 Network components ......................................................................................... 52 III.1.3.1 Interconnection media ............................................................................. 52 III.1.3.2 Connection components .......................................................................... 53 III.1.3.3 Specialized machines and data servers ................................................... 53 III.1.4 Telecommunication infrastructure and information highway ............................ 54 III.1.5 The internet ........................................................................................................ 54 III.1.5.1 General characteristics ............................................................................ 54 III.1.5.2 IP address and domain name ................................................................... 56 III.1.5.3 IPv4 protocol ........................................................................................... 59 Table of contents xi