society. There is a need for public authorities and businesses to be better able to or enabled to organise their digital security and make that digital security part of their daily processes, products and services (the mainstreaming of cyber security). Citizens and/or end users also have a responsibility in safeguarding their own digital security: a basic level of cyber ecurity should be part of secure behaviour in everyday life. THE DIGITAL DOMAIN HAS NO NATIONAL BORDERS The digital domain is, by definition, not confined by national borders. A Dutch approach to cybersecurity must take the international dimension of data, connections, internet governance and actors who carry out digital attacks into account. This is why a more secure digital domain is one of the Netherlands’ priorities at the EU and NATO level. After all, an alliance that can also fulfil its collective defence duties in the digital domain makes a direct and essential contribution to the national (digital) security of the member states. In addition, it will only be possible to achieve some of the objectives of the NCSA through international legislation, the formation of coalitions or the international development of norms and standards, at European level in particular. The cross-border nature of threats creates a need to commit strongly to international cooperation. The National Cyber Security Agenda, in combination with the Integrated Foreign and Security Strategy (Geïntegreerde Buitenland- en Veiligheidsstrategie) and the Defence Memorandum (Defensienota) provide guidance for the further development of Dutch efforts in international forums. On the one hand, this applies to those effects and results that can only be achieved at international level and on the other hand the international developments will also have to be taken into account in the effective shaping of Dutch policy. Key examples are European developments in the field of certification, developing standards and stimulating the European Digital Single Market, of which cybersecurity is a part. The Netherlands continues to play its role of internet pioneer in topics such as the fragility of open source software. TENSION BETWEEN INTEREST REQUIRE CAREFUL CONSIDERATION Far-reaching digitalisation often puts pressure on the balance between the core values of security, freedom and economic growth. The Netherlands is committed to clear consideration of the interests in making (policy) choices and tries to be transparent when doing so. In the 14 | National Cyber Security Agenda A cyber secure Netherlands wider social and political debates about digitalisation, cybersecurity cannot be approached in isolation but must expressly be considered in conjunction with topics such as fundamental rights and values and social growth. Clear and transparent consideration of the tension between interest results in better decision-making.