NATIONAL CYBER STRATEGY aging manufacturers to differentiate products based on the quality of their security features. The United States Government will promote foundational engineering practices to reduce systemic fragility and develop designs that degrade and recover effectively when successfully attacked. The United States Government will also promote regular testing and exercising of the cybersecurity and resilience of products and systems during development using best practices from forward-leaning industries. This includes promotion and use of coordinated vulnerability disclosure, crowd-sourced testing, and other innovative assessments that improve resiliency ahead of exploitation or attack. The United States Government will also evaluate how to improve the end-to-end lifecycle for digital identity management, including over-reliance on Social Security numbers. availability of United States telecommunications networks are essential to our economy and national security. We must be vigilant to safeguard the telecommunications networks we depend on in our everyday lives so they cannot be used or compromised by a foreign adversary to harm the United States. The United States Government will balance these objectives by formalizing and streamlining the review of Federal Communications Commission referrals for telecommunications licenses. The United States Government will facilitate a transparent process to increase the efficiency of this review. MAINTAIN A STRONG AND BALANCED INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION SYSTEM: Strong intellectual property protections ensure continued economic growth and innovation in the digital age. The United States Government has fostered and will continue to help foster a global intellectual property rights system that provides incentives for innovation through the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights. The United States Government will also promote protection of sensitive emerging technologies and trade secrets, and we will work to prevent adversarial nation states from gaining unfair advantage at the expense of American research and development. Foster and Protect United States Ingenuity Fostering and protecting American invention and innovation is critical to maintaining the United States’ strategic advantage in cyberspace. The United States Government will nurture innovation by promoting institutions and programs that drive United States competitiveness. The United States Government will counter predatory mergers and acquisitions and counter intellectual property theft. We will also catalyze United States leadership in emerging technologies and promote government identification and support to these technologies, which include artificial intelligence, quantum information science, and next-generation telecommunication infrastructure. PROTECT THE CONFIDENTIALITY AND INTEGRITY OF AMERICAN IDEAS: For more than a decade, malicious actors have conducted cyber intrusions into United States commercial networks, targeting confidential business information held by American firms. Malicious cyber actors from other nations have stolen troves of trade secrets, technical data, and sensitive proprietary internal communications. The United States Government will work against the illicit appro- Priority Actions UPDATE MECHANISMS TO REVIEW FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND OPERATION IN THE UNITED STATES: The confide ntiality, inte grity, and 16