Revised Bhutan ICT Roadmap other  funding  models  such  as  Public-­‐Private  Partnership  (PPP)  or  subscription-­‐ based   model.   It   was   noted   that   MOEA   has   recently   developed   a   policy   on   PPP   but   with   focus   on   infrastructural   project.   It   will   do   well   if   the   PPP   could   be   refined   for   the   purpose   of   ICT   services.   A   PPP   policy   is   a   step   in   the   right   direction   where   often,   risks   from   implementing   large   and   complex   project   are   assumed   by   private   entity   but   with   commercially   attractive   returns   for   the   private  entity  when  the  users  pay  for  the  usage  of  the  service.  Capital  outlay   for  the  government  in  such  a  case  would  usually  be  nominal  to  nothing.  PPP   may   not   applicable   in   all   projects   but   a   study   should   be   conducted   with   the   industry,  to  explore  possible  projects  so  as  to  overcome  budget  constrains.   Similarly,  subscription  based  model  provides  low  cost  adoption  of  technology   where  large  expenditure  outlay  is  not  possible.  Services  or  technology  can  be   made   available   immediately   upon   subscription   and   this   takes   away   the   protracted   wait   and   risks   involved   in   system   or   infrastructure   development.   An   exemplary   case   study   of   subscription   model   is   the   government   adopting   the   use   of   Google   Apps   where   functional   and   reliable   services   are   readily   made   available.   Subscription   model   can   also   be   used   on   technology   for   the   purpose   of   test   bedding   where   technology   can   be   deployed   as   part   of   a   feasibility  study.   Note   that   subscription-­‐based   model   could   also   take   place   between   agencies   through   inter-­‐agency   charging.   This   happens   when   an   agency   developed   a   reusable  and  sharable  solution  that  other  agency  can  utilise.   4.3 Lack of Human Resource Capability It   was   duly   noted,   during   the   review,   that   execution   and   maintenance   of   projects   are   often   hampered   by   lack   of   human   resource   capability.   It   is   acknowledged   that   the   number   of   government’s   ICT   professionals   is   limited   and  their  job  scope  varies  widely.  Getting  the  ICT  professionals  proficient  in  all   aspects  of  ICT  is  nearly  impossible.   Lack   of   capability   would   also   prevent   effective   evaluation   of   ICT   solutions   and   whether  the  end  product  delivered  its  expected  outcome.     The  review  recommends:   Establish  Training  and  Competency  Roadmap   It  is  crucial  to  adopt  the  ICT  Training  Roadmap  defined  in  the  ICT  Management   Framework   for   technical   competency   development.   The   ICT   Training   Roadmap   provides   a   suite   of   technical   competencies   required   for   different   streams  of  ICT  professionals  and  provides  a  good  and  consistent  competency   guide.   In   addition,   a   set   of   soft   skills   will   need   to   be   identified   beyond   the   technical   skills   defined   in   the   ICT   Training   Roadmap.   Trained   and   certified   © 2015. IDA INTERNATIONAL. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL.