in the last ten years, conviction rates remain very low, ­indicating that effective implementation of a­nti-­trafficking laws is ­difficult to achieve, leaving children vulnerable to ICTfacilitated trafficking for sexual ­exploitation and abuse.283 Cyberenticement, solicitation or online grooming Reports of cases of cyberenticement or online grooming have increased in recent years. The Cybercrime Study found that almost 70 percent of countries criminalize this offence although most of the laws pertain to general and not to cyberspecific offences.284 The Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, which has been ratified by 31 Council of Europecountries, in article 23 specifically requires States Parties to enact legislation that criminalizes this conduct. As the nature and prevalence of grooming offences becomes better known, additional States may enact criminal laws against it. Figure VII. Criminalization of computer-related solicitation or “grooming” of children 17% Yes, cyberspecific offence Yes, general offence 26% Yes, both No, not a criminal offence 52% 5% Source: Study cybercrime questionnaire, Q37 (n=54). New Zealand’s Harmful Digital ­Communications Bill The United States Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) The legislation, now before the New Zealand parliament, would make it an offence to send or post harmful messages—punishable by a $2,000 fine or three months’ jail time—and create a specialized enforcement agency to deal with cyberbullying complaints. Inciting someone to commit suicide over the Internet would be illegal, carrying a maximum three-year jail sentence. CIPA was enacted in 2000 to address concerns about children’s access to obscene or harmful content over the Internet. CIPA imposes certain requirements on schools or libraries that receive discounts for Internet access or internal connections. Schools and libraries subject to CIPA may not receive such benefits unless they have in place protection measures that block or filter Internet access to pictures that are: (a) obscene; (b) child pornography; or (c) harmful to minors (for computers that are accessed by minors). Before adopting this Internet safety policy, schools and libraries must provide reasonable notice and hold at least one public hearing or meeting to address the proposal. 283 See also UNODC, 2012. Pp 82-88; UNICEF, 2009. P. 24. 284 UNODC, 2013. P. 104. 44 STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES ON THE ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN