diverging policy and economic goals. At the UN, Germany will continue to contribute to the debates on applying international law to the actions of states and non-state actors: To expand the system of international norms, Germany will particularly engage in efforts to develop norms, rules, principles and additional recommendations for responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. In view of international cyber threats, Germany will also advocate measures to maintain international stability and increase the UN’s capacities in this area. Germany supports deliberations on how, on a global level, the problem of attributing cyber attacks can be addressed and the sharing of information can be promoted, the latter of which is essential in this regard. International laws that can be enforced across German and European borders must make economic espionage and cyber attacks more difficult to carry out. Germany will actively support international efforts to make the export control regime stricter with regard to surveillance technologies. In view of the threat of escalation caused by incidents in cyberspace, confidence-building measures must be implemented, improved and expanded. Existing forums and partnerships can be used for this purpose. Efforts within the OSCE, in which Germany has been involved since the beginning, thus play a pioneering role. The Federal Government will furthermore establish a German institute for international cyber security, intended to bring together private industry, the research community and government organizations in the interest of international stability and crisis prevention, and to serve as a reliable and independent adviser to governments. Bilateral and regional support and cooperation for cyber capacity building Special needs arise where resources, infrastructure and capacities for cyber security are lacking. Cyber threats and attacks can greatly hinder or reverse the economic, social and political development of certain countries and demographic groups. Germany will help selected partner countries and regions build up their cyber security prevention and response capabilities (network robustness and resilience). This includes encouraging other regions to agree on confidencebuilding measures and to increase security. In its development policy, the Federal Government is working to realize the potential of digitalization worldwide and 31