4.2.2 Promotion of awareness-raising activities In order to ensure proper cyber incident responses, relevant entities need to have an appreciation of cybersecurity and basic personnel capacity to deal with the incidents. For example, operational and policy level managers in charge of incident responses need to have certain capabilities, and all entities need to have a certain degree of security awareness and capacity. Japan has continuously implemented various capacity-building and awareness-raising activities, utilizing our own highly capable personnel and advanced technological facilities. Thus, Japan has accumulated sufficient knowledge and experience in this area. Japan will contribute to raising the level of cybersecurity internationally, by drawing on its knowledge and by taking active part in disseminating capacity-building and awareness-raising activities around the world. Such activities can include conducting cybersecurity trainings targeted at government and corporate cybersecurity managers and CSIRTs. In particular, Japan runs international campaign for raising awareness on cybersecurity every October. Japan will work closely with countries conducting similar awareness-raising activities and will appeal for expansion of the campaign on a more global level. 4.2.3 Enhanced research and development through international cooperation In responding to the advancement and sophistication of cyber threats, it is essential to develop advanced countermeasure techniques that correspond to the threat level. An effective way of developing advanced countermeasures that can appropriately respond to cyber attacks is to combine each country’s technological strengths organically and develop them. Japan will actively promote research and development through international cooperation. It is also important to immediately put these countermeasure techniques into practice and use them for dynamic responses to cyber incidents and for support of development of a cleanup framework. In particular, Japan promotes PRACTICE (Proactive Response Against Cyber-attacks Through International Collaborative Exchange), a project to build a network of countries to gather information on cyber attacks, malwares and other incidents, and to experiment, research and develop technology which predicts cyber attacks and provides immediate responses. Japan will contribute to improve the prediction and response capacity against cyber attacks at a global level by further extending partners to this project. 7