(d) States should consider how best to cooperate to exchange information, assist each other, prosecute terrorist and criminal use of ICTs and implement other cooperative measures to address such threats. States may need to consider whether new measures need to be developed in this respect; Australian Strategic Policy Institute, International Cyber Policy Centre Global Partners Digital  Implementation of norms are demonstrated by states’ actions, capabilities, and strategic policy direction. As this norm deals with inter-state cooperation to stop cybercrime and terrorist use of ICTs, examples of implementation include: - States’ use of existing law enforcement cooperation mechanisms, like mutual legal assistance treaties, to enable (joint) operations against cybercrime and cyber terrorism. - States’ ability to use Interpol’s and Europol’s 24/7 cybercrime operations centres to assist operations and secure digital evidence - States establish dedicated cybercrime (police) units, like Dittipsiber (Indonesia), Anti-Cybercrime Group (Philippines) and Australian police forces’ cybercrime units which can engage in transborder operations and information-sharing - States’ active participation in Interpol, the UN open-ended intergovernmental expert group on cybercrime and the Global Internet Forum on Counterterrorism. - States’ ability to provide and/or accept capacity building resources to enhance law enforcement in cybercrime. - States’ ratification of the Budapest Convention and States’ subscription to the Christchurch Call to Action.  Best practice with regards to the addressing of cybercrime requires that the state has developed comprehensive legislation – either as a standalone piece of legislation or otherwise – which regulates criminal offences and criminal procedure consistent with the Budapest Convention and international human rights law.  An example of cooperation efforts to address related threats and support global coordination on criminal use of ICTs includes constructive engagement in existing discussions, such as the “open-ended intergovernmental expert group to conduct a comprehensive study of the problem of cybercrime”.xviii Kaspersky  A greater cooperation with the community to fight cybercrime seems to us necessary. That includes greater threat information sharing, with the use of trusted communication channels, and greater cooperation on incident response with cybersecurity experts and private sector entities, technical community.  An example of such a public-private collaboration for information sharing could be the contribution agreement between INTERPOL and Kaspersky,xix signed in July 2019. Kaspersky pledged to provide human resources support, training, and threat intelligence data on the latest cybercriminal activities to INTERPOL, strengthening the organization’s cyberthreat hunting capabilities. Microsoft  Beyond inter-state cooperation, cooperative relationships should be built as necessary with members of the private sector as well as civil society and academia with access to relevant data, information and expertise to combat criminal activity online. For example, at Microsoft, the Digital Crimes Unit is responsible for coordinating with law enforcement around the globe to disrupt malicious criminal activities that interact with our infrastructure through actions including “botnet takedowns.”  In addition, multistakeholder agreements, like the Christchurch Call to Eliminate Terrorist & Violent Extremist Content Online,xx can help set expectations and coordinate efforts across stakeholder groups to address dynamic challenges – including combatting extremist content online. Tech Accord  Firstly, states should develop an overarching strategy for information sharing and collaboration domestically, and internationally. It should focus sharing on actionable threat, vulnerability, and mitigation information and prioritize voluntary information sharing. Information sharing should not only be limited to other states but it should also include the private sector.  Secondly, states should envision information sharing as a two-way process. If states are willing to share the information they have, their actions will demonstrate @DFAT DFAT.GOV.AU