This will help to measure progress and lay a pathway for strengthening international standards. As a consequence of this strong political consensus to call for collective action, and Australia’s support for operationalising the Christchurch Call to Action, the Australian Government is working to progress action across multiple fora. This includes: advocating for a reformed Global Internet Forum on Counter-Terrorism (GIFCT) that is more independent, ambitious and transparent in its efforts to keep terrorist and VECT content off their platforms; supporting the Global Counter Terrorism Forum; and, collaborating with the Aqaba Process, the OECD and G7 members Human rights apply online just as they do offline. Australia is a strong advocate of human rights online and a full overview of its activities can be found in the Human Rights Online Chapter of the 2019 Progress Report on implementation of Australia’s International Cyber Engagement Strategy. (e) States, in ensuring the secure use of ICTs, should respect Human Rights Council resolutions 20/8 and 26/13 on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet, as well as General Assembly resolutions 68/167 and 69/166 on the right to privacy in the digital age, to guarantee full respect for human rights, including the right to freedom of expression; (f) A State should not conduct or knowingly support ICT activity contrary to its Of particular note, at the 38th Session of the Human Rights Council (HRC38) in July 2018: Australia co-sponsored four resolutions promoting the protection of human rights online, including A/HRC/38/L.10/Rev.1 on the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet. We also support and sponsor the work of Freedom Online Coalition and Digital Defenders. Australia joined the Freedom Online Coalition Joint Statement at HRC41 in June 2019 on free expression, peaceful assembly, and free association online. Australia has re-affirmed that international human rights law (IHRL) applies to the use of cyberspace. It has said that:  States have obligations to protect relevant human rights of individuals under their jurisdiction, including the right to privacy, where those rights are exercised or realised through or in cyberspace. Subject to lawful derogations and limitations, states must ensure without distinction individuals’ rights to privacy, freedom of expression and freedom of association online (see 2019 International Law Supplement). Australia has strong national frameworks to ensure the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights online, including through the work of the Australian Information Commissioner, Human Rights Commissioner, and E-Safety Commissioner. The Australian Signals Directorate (ASD) is also subject to the Rules to Protect the Privacy of Australians made by the Minister for Defence This norm imposes a negative obligation. www.dfat.gov.au/cyberaffairs esafety.gov.au/parents