H. Final Observations 115. The OEWG presented a historic opportunity for all States to engage in focused and sustained discussions, under the auspices of the United Nations, on matters related to ICTs and international security. In addition to the many areas of agreement reflected in this report, through its inclusive and transparent discussions, the OEWG has served as a valuable measure to build trust, confidence and understandings between States, as well as helped to establish a global diplomatic network of national experts. The active and broad engagement of all delegations has demonstrated the determination of States to continue to work together on this subject of fundamental importance to all. 116. The formal, informal and virtual sessions of the OEWG were characterized by substantive, interactive exchanges among States, as well as with civil society, the private sector, academia and the technical community. The commitment demonstrated by States and other stakeholders throughout the work of the OEWG, with growing engagement even as some of its meetings transitioned to a virtual format, is an undeniable indication of the increasingly universal relevance of the topics under its consideration as well as the growing recognition of the urgent need to collectively address the threats to international security posed by the malicious use of ICTs. 117. The OEWG has demonstrated the international community’s collective resolve to continue to work together towards an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful ICT environment of benefit to all States and peoples. Throughout their deliberations at the OEWG, States underscored the linkages and synergies between each of the elements of its mandate: International law governs State actions and vVoluntary, non-binding norms set expectations of responsible State behaviour. reinforce and complement existing obligations under international law. Both these elements define expectations of behaviour regarding State uses of ICTs in the context of international security. In this way, they also contribute to confidence-building by increasing transparency and cooperation between States and for reducing the risk of conflict. Capacity- building in turn is an enabler for all States to contribute to increased stability and security globally. Together, these elements constitute a global framework of cooperative measures to address existing and potential threats in the sphere of ICTs. Regular institutional dialogue will provide the opportunity for this framework to be further developed and operationalized through advancing common understandings, exchanging lessons learned and good practices in implementation, building confidence and increasing capacity amongst States. The OEWG recommends that 118. “States, on a voluntary basis, are encouraged to survey and report national implementation of the assessments and recommendations in this report, as well as those in A/70/174 (as endorsed in A/Res/70/237), including through the attached model “National Survey of Implementation of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 70/237”, as part of the invitation to Member States to continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on the issue of developments in the field of ICTs in the context of international security. States are encouraged to further develop templates in support of such efforts.” 20 Commented [A33]: Combining existing recommendations at para 41, 58, 72 and 92 into one recommendation