1. Organizer, abettor and accessory, together with the principal offender, are deemed to be accomplices in a criminal offense. 2. The principal (or co-principal) is the person who, in association with other criminal offenders, has committed a criminal offense under this Code, directly or through other persons, who cannot be criminally liable, in accordance with the law, for what they have committed. 3. The organizer is a person who has organized a criminal offense (or criminal offenses) or supervised its (their) preparation or commission. The organizer is also a person who has created an organized group or criminal organization, or supervised it, or financed it, or organized the covering up of the criminal activity of an organized group or criminal organization. 4. The abettor is a person who has induced any other accomplice to a criminal offense, by way of persuasion, subornation, threat, coercion or otherwise. 5. The accessory is a person who has facilitated the commission of a criminal offense by other accomplices, by way of advice, or instructions, or by supplying the means or tools, or removing obstacles, and also a person who promised in advance to conceal a criminal offender, tools or means, traces of crime or criminally obtained things, to buy or sell such things, or otherwise facilitate the covering up of a criminal offense. 6. The concealment of a criminal offender, tools or means of a criminal offense, traces of crime or criminally obtained things, or buying or selling such things shall not constitute complicity where they have not been promised in advance. Persons who have committed such acts shall be criminally liable only in cases prescribed by Articles 198 and 396 of this Code. 7. A promised failure to report a crime which is definitely known to be in preparation or in progress, prior to the consummation of such, shall not constitute complicity. Any such person shall be criminally liable only if the act so committed comprises the elements of any other criminal offense. Article 28. Criminal offense committed by a group of persons, or a group of persons upon prior conspiracy, or an organized group, or a criminal organization 1. A criminal offense shall be held to have been committed by a group of persons where several (two or more) principal offenders participated in that criminal offense, acting without prior conspiracy. 2. A criminal offense shall be held to have been committed by a group of persons upon prior conspiracy where it was jointly committed by several (two or more) persons who have conspired in advance, that is prior to the commencement of the offense, to commit it together. 3. A criminal offense shall be held to have been committed by an organized group where several persons (three or more) participated in its preparation or commission, who have previously established a stable association for the purpose of committing of this and other offense (or offenses), and have been consolidated by a common plan with assigned roles designed to achieve this plan known to all members of the group. 4. A criminal offense shall be held to have been committed by a criminal organization where it was committed by a stable hierarchical association of several persons (three and more), members or structural units of which have organized themselves, upon prior conspiracy, to