Possible gaps in dealing with cybersecurity The mechanisms analysed appear to indicate the existence of policy gap in coordination of various cybersecurity initiatives and policy processes. It starts with lack of widely acceptable definition and terminology. The review also shows that there are not many mechanisms for addressing cybersecurity issues in an intersectoral way by involving different professional groups, including: the telecom sector, diplomatic communities, security communities, corporate sector associations, hacker communities (e.g. ‘white hats’), and civil society. 3.2 Cybercrime Cybercrime is part of a broader cybersecurity approach aimed at ensuring Internet safety and security. Cybercrime encompasses ‘harmful acts committed from or against a computer or a network’. It includes existing criminal offences conducted online (e.g. various frauds), crimes that take new forms due to the Internet (e.g. child abuse online), and new crimes that have emerged with the Internet (e.g. unauthorised access, damage to computer data, pay-per-click frauds). These three aspects of cybercrime exist in various definitions of cybercrime. However, there is no internationally accepted definition of cybercrime. International cooperation in fighting cybercrime is vital for two reasons: (i) offenders are often in other jurisdictions, exploiting transborder aspects of the Internet; (ii) effective responses to cybercrime require fast action (e.g. preserving evidence, investigation). Figure 3: Geographic coverage of the international and regional cybercrime instruments (Source: UNODC Comprehensive Study on Cybercrime – 2013) 18