Countries handle the national security aspects of cybersecurity strategy in different ways. First, cybersecurity strategies often flow from the national security strategy. For example, 41 42 43 the national security strategies of Canada , the UK and the USA name cyber attacks as priority risks. Second, as Figure 9 above indicates, national cybersecurity strategies describe the impact that cyber attacks may inflict on national security. Lastly, States may 44 issue a defence cybersecurity strategy to enable military and intelligence operations. 7.3 ECONOMIC WELL-BEING Cyberspace and the technologies that enable it support crucial economic activities. The economic well-being case for action stems from the growing concern that online attacks are causing nations severe but often unquantifiable economic harm. Earlier on, we noted 45 research pointing at major thefts of intellectual property from businesses and other organisations. The European Union also warned about the “spread of malicious software 46 creating 'botnets' – networks of infected computers that can be remotely controlled to stage large-scale, coordinated attacks (EU 2010).” As Figure 10 below shows, many States feel cyber threats threaten economic growth and national competitiveness. # STATE ECONOMIC WELL-BEING END Australia (2009) High Risk to Economy The risk to the Australian economy from computer intrusion and the spread of malicious code by organised crime has been assessed as high. Czech Republic (2011) Sustainable Economic Growth Safe, secure and reliable operation of ICTs is necessary for the functioning of government and public structures and is an indispensable prerequisite for prosperity and a sustainable economic growth. Estonia (2008) Vital to Economy The seamless operation of this (critical information) infrastructure is vital to the daily functioning of the Estonian economy. Germany (2011) Promoting Economic Prosperity The Federal Government aims at making a substantial contribution to a secure cyberspace, thus maintaining and promoting economic and social prosperity in Germany. India (2011) Economic Security The operational stability and security of critical information infrastructure is vital for economic security of the country. Holland (2011) Sustainable Economic Growth Safe and reliable ICT is of fundamental importance for our prosperity and well-being and forms a catalyst for (further) sustainable economic growth. New Zealand (2011) Negative impact on Economy A successful targeted cyber attack could disrupt our critical services, negatively impact our economy. Figure 10 – Economic Ends in National Cybersecurity Strategies 41 Canada security strategy: http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/docs/information/publications/natsec-secnat/natsec-secnat-eng.pdf UK National Security Strategy: http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/national-security-strategy.pdf 43 US National Security Strategy: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/national_security_strategy.pdf 44 Example is the US Department of Defense cybersecurity strategy: http://www.defense.gov/news/d20110714cyber.pdf 45 The “Operation Shady RAT” report is here: http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/white-papers/wp-operation-shady-rat.pdf 46 European Union on Botnets: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/10/463 42 43