Exercises There is a need to improve cyber defence exercise opportunities for military and civilian CSDP actors. Joint exercises serve as a tool to develop common knowledge and understanding of cyber defence. This will enable national forces to enhance their preparedness to operate within a multinational environment. Conducting common cyber defence exercises will also build interoperability and trust. The EEAS and the Member States will focus on promoting cyber defence elements in CSDP and other exercises: • Integrate a cyber defence dimension into existing exercise scenarios' for MILEX and MULTILAYER; • Develop, as appropriate, a dedicated EU CSDP cyber defence exercise and explore possible coordination with pan-European cyber exercises such as CyberEurope, organised by ENISA; • Consider the possibility of participating in other multinational cyber defence exercises; • Once the EU has developed a CSDP cyber defence exercise, involve relevant international partners, such as the OSCE and NATO, in accordance with the EU exercise policy. 5. Enhancing cooperation with relevant international partners In the framework of international cooperation there is a need to ensure a dialogue with international partners, specifically NATO and other international organisations, in order to contribute to the development of effective cyber defence capabilities. Increased engagement should be sought with the work being done within the framework of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations (UN). 15585/14 ANNEX FP/oza DG C 2B 12 EN