2 DEFINITIONS AND BACKGROUND 2.1 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) The IEEE provides the following definition for IoT33: Internet of Things envisions a self-configuring, adaptive, complex network that interconnects ‘things’ to the Internet through the use of standard communication protocols. The interconnected things have physical or virtual representation in the digital world, sensing/actuation capability, a programmability feature and are uniquely identifiable. The representation contains information including the thing’s identity, status, location or any other business, social or privately relevant information. The things offer services, with or without human intervention, through the exploitation of unique identification, data capture and communication, and actuation capability. According to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)34: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to devices, that are often constrained in communication and computation capabilities, now becoming more commonly connected to the Internet, and to various services that are built on top of the capabilities these devices jointly provide. It is expected that this development will usher in more machine-to-machine communication using the Internet with no human user actively involved. 33 34 35 36 The U.S. Department of Homeland Security states 35 the following: IoT refers to the connection of systems and devices with primarily physical purposes (e.g. sensing, heating/cooling, lighting, motor actuation, transportation) to information networks (including the Internet) via interoperable protocols, often built into embedded systems. According to the ITU-T36, the IoT can be viewed as “a global infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting physical and virtual things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication technologies”. ITU-T emphasises that the IoT is characterised by its large-scale (compared to the current Internet) interconnections of heterogeneous devices that closely couple the physical and virtual worlds without the need for human intermediation; further, these devices may sleep, wake up, and change location while possibly being in operation without supervision for extended durations. https://iot.ieee.org/definition.html https://www.ietf.org/topics/iot/ Strategic Principles for Securing the Internet of Things, Department of Homeland Security, May 2016 ITU-T Y.2060, Overview of the Internet of Things 17