d. e. f. g. h. i. Promotion of innovation. Policymakers can and should promote innovation by adopting light regulation in the innovative areas, providing favorable conditions to disruptive innovators, while supporting infrastructure investments, access to shared infrastructures as well as research and development (R&D). Pro innovation policies would ideally derive from long-term digital and 5G policy visions, provide scope for experimentation and point innovators towards the areas where innovation is likely to be particularly encouraged. An open mind about changing societal and security requirements. Interests of the public as consumers, employees, entrepreneurs and voters should always be crucial in formation of digital policies, also for 5G. Taking these interests into account is not always trivial, because digital technologies and ecosystems are often developed and promoted by global tech corporations. Digital connectivity, including the future 5G networks, sometimes allow innovations to spread around the world so fast that it is hard to predict all consequences. This is why control over how technologies interact with human life, work, freedom, privacy and safety is becoming increasingly important. Elected governments need to act as proxies of the public interests in this regard. Promotion of competition where it makes sense, consideration for shared strategic assets in other areas. Scale economies make it hard to assure fully functioning competition across all digital market segments. Moreover, some digital assets have a strong strategic and security role. It is therefore appropriate for policymakers to assess and identify where innovation and differentiation are particularly desirable and where shared strategic resources may be a better option. Such policy choices in this area are naturally essential for shaping economies and societies. Hence they must be based on long-term visions. Improvement of wireless coverage and support for strategic services. Wireless coverage is one of the strategic priorities of national governments, especially since essential services will be more and more dependent on it. Acceleration of economic growth post covid 19. As part of their effort to re-build economies in an innovative manner post the covid 19 induced slowdown, policymakers may support short-term investment into the digitalization of public services. They can also support the expansion of secure and versatile digital infrastructures in order to encourage private investment into the digitalization of the adjacent industries, and that way drive theeconomic recovery. Flexibility in crises such as covid 19. In exceptional circumstances, such as the covid 19 crisis, temporary allocation of some spectrum to the existing telecom industry may be warranted to deal with sudden spikes of traffic, for example. If this is the case, it is important for all sides to be transparent about the nature of such solutions, their timeframe and future expectations. As a matter of principle, long-term policies should not be driven by needs for short-term solutions at times of crises. “ Spectrum allocation policies gave a rise to the wireless industry; such policies will continue playing a crucial role in reshaping digital infrastructure and service industries to the benefit of national economies ” Policymakers have two principal tools for achieving their objectives: promotion of free market competition and more heavy-handed regulatory interference. The former should be preferred. However, there are instances when the market outcomes fail to provide true choices to the consumers, including a choice to opt out of using certain products, the markets fail to function efficiently, or it can be reasonably expected that such failures will occur. There are also instances when market outcomes do not provide sufficient freedoms or protection to the public. In such instances elected governments need to fundamentally strengthen their regulatory oversight over parts of the digital ecosystems and act as proxies of public interest. Rational and open-minded debates about major issues of public interest and concern, including the impact of foreign tech companies on the rights and freedoms of citizens, or issues around safety and health, would reflect well on the credentials of any democratic governments. 12