Defense of Japan 2022 Table of Contents Booklet F CUS These special features focus on s e c u r i t y i s s u e s , d e t e r r e n c e, initiatives in new domains, defense exchanges, and other such topics. Ⅰ Part D ig e st The digest offers an easy-tounderstand summary of the content in Part I to Part IV of the main text. Chapter 1 Overview 1 2 Chapter 2 Russia’s Aggression against Ukraine 1 2 3 4 General Situation........................................................................................... 6 How Russia’s Aggression Started, What Triggered It, and What Factors Are Involved in It..... 7 How Russia Started an Aggression against Ukraine and an Outlook on It......... 10 The Impact of the Russia’s Aggression against Ukraine on International Affairs and Various Countries’ Responses to It..... 14 Chapter 3 Defense Policies of Countries Section 1 The United States...................................................................................... 19 1 Security and Defense Policies....................................................................... 19 2 Military Posture........................................................................................... 26 Section 2 China.......................................................................................................... 29 1 General Situation......................................................................................... 29 2 Military Affairs............................................................................................. 30 3 Relations with Countries and Regions............................................................ 57 Section 3 Relations between the United States and China, etc................................. 63 1 Relations between the United States and China (General Situation)................. 63 2 Military Trends of the United States and China in the Indo-Pacific Region......... 65 3 Military Capabilities of Taiwan and Military Balance between China and Taiwan.... 70 Section 4 Korean Peninsula....................................................................................... 77 1 North Korea................................................................................................. 78 2 The ROK and the U.S. Forces Korea.............................................................. 98 Section 5 Russia...................................................................................................... 103 1 General Situation....................................................................................... 103 2 Security and Defense Policies..................................................................... 104 3 Military Posture and Trends........................................................................ 106 4 Russian Forces in Japan’s Northern Territories............................................. 113… 5 Relations with Countries and Regions.......................................................... 114 Section 6 Oceania.................................................................................................... 120 1 Australia.................................................................................................... 120 2 New Zealand............................................................................................. 123 Section 7 Southeast Asia......................................................................................... 125 1 General Situation....................................................................................... 125 2 Security and Defense Policies of Each Country............................................. 125 3 Military Modernization in the Region............................................................ 131 4 Intra-and Extra-Regional Cooperation.......................................................... 132 Section 8 South Asia................................................................................................ 133 1 India......................................................................................................... 133 2 Pakistan.................................................................................................... 137 3 Disputes over the Sovereignty of Kashmir....................................................... 138 Section 9 Europe and Canada................................................................................. 139 1 General Situation....................................................................................... 139 2 Enhancement of Multinational Security Frameworks..................................... 140 3 Security/Defense Policies of European Countries and Others........................ 144 Section 10 Middle East, North Africa, and Other Regions........................................ 148 1 General Situation....................................................................................... 148 2 Situation in the Gulf Region........................................................................ 148 3 The Situation Surrounding Middle East Peace.............................................. 150 4 Situation in Syria........................................................................................ 150 5 Situation in Yemen..................................................................................... 151 6 Situation in Libya....................................................................................... 152 7 Situation in Afghanistan.............................................................................. 152 8 Situation in South Sudan............................................................................ 153 9 Situation in Ethiopia................................................................................... 153 10 Trends in International Terrorism................................................................. 155 T rends Concerning New Domains including Outer Space, Chapter 4 Cyberspace, and Electromagnetic Spectrum, and Challenges Facing the International Community Section 1 1 2 3 Trends Concerning Science and Technology............................................ 157 Science, Technology and Security............................................................... 157 Trends of Military Cutting-edge Technology.................................................. 157 Trends of Cutting-edge Technologies in the Civilian Field.............................. 159 Ⅱ Part Basic Concepts of Japan’s Security and Defense Security Environment Surrounding Japan 4 5 6 Section 2 1 2 Section 3 1 2 3 Section 4 1 2 Section 5 1 2 3 Section 6 1 2 3 4 Section 7 Current Trends in Security Environment........................................................... 1 Regional Security Environment Surrounding Japan........................................... 2 Diffusion of Information-related Technology and Information Warfare............. 161 Trends Concerning Defense Production and Technological Bases.................. 161 Trends concerning Economic Security......................................................... 162 Trends in Space Domain.......................................................................... 164 Space Domain and Security........................................................................ 164 Various Countries’ Space Initiatives............................................................. 165 Trends in Cyber Domain........................................................................... 169 Cyberspace and Security............................................................................ 169 Threats in Cyberspace............................................................................... 169 Initiatives Addressing Threats in Cyberspace................................................ 172 Trends in Electromagnetic Domain.......................................................... 175 Electromagnetic Domain and Security......................................................... 175 Each Country’s Electronic Warfare Initiatives................................................ 176 Maritime Trends....................................................................................... 178 Trends Related to the “Principle of the Freedom of the High Seas”................ 178 National Maritime Security Initiatives........................................................... 180 Trends in the Arctic Ocean.......................................................................... 181 Transfer and Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs)...... 183 Nuclear Weapons....................................................................................... 183 Biological and Chemical Weapons............................................................... 184 Ballistic Missiles and Other Missiles............................................................ 184 Growing Concerns about Transfer and Proliferation of WMDs and Other Technologies..... 185 Impact of Climate Change on the Security Environment and the Military..... 187 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Japan’s Security and Defense Section 1 Section 2 1 2 3 Measures to Ensure Japan’s Security..................................................... 191 Constitution and the Basis of Defense Policy.......................................... 192 Constitution and the Right of Self-Defense................................................... 192 The Government’s View on Article 9 of the Constitution................................ 192 Basic Policy.............................................................................................. 193 Chapter 2 Japan’s Security and Defense Policy Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 1 2 3 4 Section 4 1 2 3 Japan’s National Security Policy Framework.......................................... 195 Outline of the National Security Strategy (NSS)....................................... 196 Outline of NDPG....................................................................................... 198 Japan’s Basic Defense Policy..................................................................... 198 Priorities in Strengthening Defense Capability.............................................. 200 Organization of the SDF.............................................................................. 201 Elements Supporting Defense Capability...................................................... 201 Outline of the MTDP (FY2019-FY2023).................................................... 204 Program Guidelines.................................................................................... 204 Quantities of Major Procurement................................................................. 205 Expenditures............................................................................................. 205 Chapter 3 Organizations Responsible for Japan’s Security and Defense Section 1 Section 2 1 2 National Security Council........................................................................ 208 Organization of the MOD/Self-Defense Forces (SDF).............................. 209 Organizational Structure Supporting Defense Capability................................ 209 Joint Operations System of the SDF............................................................ 214 Chapter 4 Build-up of Defense Capability, etc. Section 1 Section 2 1 2 3 4 Build-Up of Defense Capability in FY2022............................................... 215 Defense-Related Expenditures................................................................ 217 Overview of Defense-Related Expenditures.................................................. 217 Breakdown of Defense-Related Expenditures............................................... 218 Initiatives for Increasing the Efficiency of Procurement................................. 220 Comparison with Other Countries................................................................ 221 Chapter 5 Framework for Activities of the SDF and Others 1 2 3 4 5 Responses to Armed Attack Situations, etc., and Survival-Threatening Situations... 224 Responses to Situations that Will Have an Important Influence...................... 226 Maintenance of Public Order and Responses to Aggression that Do Not Amount to an Armed Attack... 227 Disaster Relief Dispatches and Others......................................................... 230 Framework for Contributing to the Peace and Stability of the International Community.... 230