N AT I O N A L C Y B E R S E C U R I T Y ST R AT E GY I V 3.5 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND CYBER DIPLOMACY • The European Union is the most advanced regional integration organisation in the world: Luxembourg participates in the various cooperation mechanisms set up in the framework of (EU) Directive 2016/1148 on the security of networks and information systems, as well as in cooperation forums for policy formulation and crisis management. - The NCSS IV will have to take on the mission of transposing European obligations at the national level, in particular in regards to the use of the EU diplomatic toolbox to respond to malicious cyber acts, as well as the operationalisation of the EU action plan (“Blueprint”) for responses to large-scale cyber incidents. - Luxembourg should have a national policy and the necessary procedures for assigning responsibility for a cyber incident. In the field of diplomacy and international relations, Luxembourg is a long-standing advocate of the multilateral method and works for positive international cooperation within the framework of international law and international humanitarian law. International cooperation in the field of standard-setting makes it possible to discuss and deepen the norms of responsible behaviour of states in cyberspace, following the example of the efforts currently underway at UN level: engaging in good faith in these international negotiations is one of the strategic elements promoting greater collective security. • At UN level, Luxembourg follows in particular the activities currently underway in the General Assembly, within two bodies set up in 2019: on the one hand, through active participation in the work of the Open-ended Working Group on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, and on the other hand, by following the work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Promoting the Responsible Conduct of States in Cyberspace in the Context of International Security. • The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is one of the most advanced regional organizations in the development of confidence-building measures and cyber cooperation. • The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) has a sophisticated cooperative cyber defence capability. 3.6 COOPERATION AGREEMENTS AT BENELUX LEVEL • The HCPN plans to strengthen strategic cooperation on cyber crisis management and cybersecurity capacity development with its Benelux counterparts. 27