Confidence-building measures • The contributions of CBMS to a peaceful international environment should be also taken into account in promoting stability and predictability, both in cyberspace and in the general international security context. • Member States and stakeholders highlighted the importance of the private sector and civil society in complementing actions taken by Member States. Voluntary commitments, codes, and standards can also be applicable to the norms, rules, and principles as clearly voiced during the formal and intersessional meetings of the OEWG. • In the formal session of the OEWG, Member States reflected on the need for tangible actions that are implementable by all States in the case of the voluntary norms, in a way that is similar to that of the norms section. • A placeholder similar to that of paragraph 39 could also be placed in this section to allow for proposals on CBMs. Capacity-building • The concept of a “global capacity-building agenda” could be replaced with the notion of a mechanism under UN auspices, which would encapsulate more accurately the deliberations and proposals put forward by Member States. • In addition to the linkage to the Women, Peace and Security Agenda, it would be worthwhile to refer to the First Committee resolution “Women, disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control” (73/46), as most of its concepts and contents were mentioned indirectly during the OEWG deliberations. Regular institutional dialogue • The summary of the intersessional meeting with stakeholders is not necessarily linked only to the regular institutional dialogue aspects, and thus, could be ideally located earlier on in the document. Conclusions and recommendations • The study proposed to be undertaken by the International Law Commission would benefit from a broader scope on the applicability of international law to cyberspace, rather than circumscribing it only to national views and practice, which is limited for the time being. Likewise, a study of this nature should be understood as complementary to national positions that have been or can be put forward by Member States. 3