20 Overview Of Existing Confidence Building Measures As Applied To Cyberspace Global Forum on Cyber Expertise Other notable international statements on cyber CBMs Global Forum on Cyber Expertise • In addition to the multilateral and regional initiatives, numerous countries have released specific multilateral Overview Of Existing Confidence Building Measures As Applied To Cyberspace Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Co-operation in the Field of International Information Security 21 and bilateral statements on cybersecurity CBMs. The list that follows is not comprehensive, but highlights a few of the most notable developments in the past few years. • • establishing a system to monitor and jointly respond to threats emerging in this area; • elaborating and implementing joint confidence-building measures to ensure international G7 Declaration on Responsible States Behavior in Cyberspace18 information security; • • “We believe that confidence building measures on States’ use “ information exchange on legislation of the States of the Parties on issues of ensuring information security” of ICTs are also an essential element to strengthen • international peace and security. improving the international legal base and practical mechanisms of co-operation among the Parties in ensuring international information security;” • We continue to support the development and implementation “exchanging experience, training of specialists, holding working meetings, conferences, seminars of such practical CBMs, including communication channels and other forums of authorized representatives and experts of the Parties in the field of among States for crisis management, in relevant bilateral, information security;” regional and multilateral forums, including the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the ASEAN • NATO Wales Summit Declaration 2014 Regional Forum (ARF);” • • To increase predictability and stability in cyberspace, we call “We are committed to developing further our national cyber defence capabilities, and we will on States to publicly explain their views on how existing enhance the cyber security of national networks upon which NATO depends for its core tasks, in international law applies to States’ activities in cyberspace to order to help make the Alliance resilient and fully protected. Close bilateral and multinational the greatest extent possible in order to improve transparency co-operation plays a key role in enhancing the cyber defence capabilities of the Alliance. We will and give rise to more settled expectations of State behavior. continue to integrate cyber defence into NATO operations and operational and contingency planning, and enhance information sharing and situational awareness among Allies. Strong • G7 Foreign Ministers’ Meeting April 10-11, 2016 Joint Communique19 • “We commit to strengthening our co-operation in promoting the rule of law in cyberspace, capacity partnerships play a key role in addressing cyber threats and risks.” • NATO Warsaw Summit Communique 201622 building, confidence building, and the fight against cybercrime.” • • G7 Principles and Actions on Cyber20 “Together with the continuous adaptation of NATO’s cyber defense capabilities, this will reinforce the Alliance’s cyber defense. We are expanding the capabilities and scope of the NATO Cyber Range, where Allies can build skills, enhance expertise, and exchange best practices. We remain • • “We support the continued development and implementation of cyber confidence building measures committed to close bilateral and multilateral cyber defense co-operation, including on information between states to promote trust and reduce the risk of conflict stemming from the use of ICTs.” sharing and situational awareness, education, training, and exercises. Strong partnerships play a “We endeavor to strengthen our co-operation to promote security and stability in cyberspace, key role in effectively addressing cyber challenges. We will continue to deepen co-operation with including through the promotion of co-operation among national computer security incident response the EU, as agreed, including through the on-going implementation of the Technical Arrangement teams, capacity building, and awareness raising. We commit to enhance cybersecurity threat that contributes to better prevention and response to cyber-attacks.” • information sharing and to cooperate for improvement of cybersecurity of critical infrastructure such confidence-building measures regarding cyberspace.” as finance, energy, transportation, and telecommunication.” 18 https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000246367.pdf 19 https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/5310_en 20 https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000160279.pdf “We welcome the work on voluntary international norms of responsible state behavior and 21 Agreement between the Governments of the Member States of the Shanghai Co-operation Organization on Co-operation in the Field of International Information Security 22 http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133169.html 21