Development and functional relationships i. Electronic surveillance. This is defined as the: use of electromagnetic energy to provide situational awareness and intelligence. 33 When developing CEMA, regard must be paid to the overlap between electronic surveillance and cyber intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (cyber ISR). ii. Electronic defence. This is defined as the: use of electromagnetic energy to provide protection and ensure effective friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. 34 iii. Electronic attack. This is defined as the: use of electromagnetic energy for offensive purposes. 35 This is employed to diminish an adversary’s ability to understand, shape or exploit the operational environment and its use should be integrated into the full spectrum affect under CEMA. iv. Electronic warfare management. This is the capability to coordinate and deconflict electronic warfare activities and, as such, is fundamental to coordinating CEMA. 3 b. Signals intelligence. This is defined as: intelligence derived from electromagnetic signals or emissions. 36 In some instances this intelligence may be collected by either electronic surveillance or cyber ISR, coordination is required to optimise activities. c. Spectrum management. This is defined as: planning, coordinating, and managing use of the electromagnetic spectrum through operational, engineering, and administrative procedures with the objective of enabling military electronic systems to perform their functions within intended environments without causing or suffering harmful interference. 37 Spectrum management is a crucial CEMA-enabling activity that persists from capability development, acquisition and use, through to disposal. During military operations, 33 Ibid. 34 Ibid. 35 Ibid. 36 Ibid. 37 Spectrum management is defined in Allied Communications Publication (ACP) 190(C), Guide to Spectrum Management in Military Operations. JDN 1/18 31