Scope and definition e. Redundancy. As cyberspace and the EME are being contested by the adversary, planning for redundancy and reversionary practices should be undertaken and exercised. f. Resilience. Resilience is the ability of the community, services or infrastructure to withstand the consequences of an incident.19 This is related to both execution and redundancy. Key points • Cyber and electromagnetic activities (CEMA) is defined as: the synchronisation and coordination of offensive, defensive, inform and enabling activities, across the electromagnetic environment and cyberspace. • Enabling activities provide the necessary operational analysis, resources and infrastructure. • Synchronisation and coordination of CEMA contributes to the commander’s intent. 2 • CEMA will also coordinate with organisations and actors conducting non-CEMA activities where required. • Electromagnetic operations are not the same as electromagnetic activities. • A commander should consider the application of operational imperative, agility, coordination, execution, redundancy and resilience across CEMA. 19 Joint Doctrine Publication (JDP) 02, Operations in the UK: The Defence Contribution to Resilience, 2nd Edition. 18 JDN 1/18